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Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) show great potential in natural image understanding. Yet, they perform well, mainly on reasoning in-view contents within the image frame. This paper presents the first study on out-of-view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Qixiang Chen , Cheng Zhang , Chi-Wing Fu , Jingwen Ye , Jianfei Cai

Multimodal reasoning, which integrates language and visual cues into problem solving and decision making, is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and a crucial step toward artificial general intelligence. However, the evaluation of…

Humans inhabit a physical 4D world where geometric structure and semantic content evolve over time, constituting a dynamic 4D reality (spatial with temporal dimension). While current Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel in static…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yuzhi Huang , Kairun Wen , Rongxin Gao , Dongxuan Liu , Yibin Lou , Jie Wu , Jing Xu , Jian Zhang , Zheng Yang , Yunlong Lin , Chenxin Li , Panwang Pan , Junbin Lu , Jingyan Jiang , Xinghao Ding , Yue Huang , Zhi Wang

Connecting text and visual modalities plays an essential role in generative intelligence. For this reason, inspired by the success of large language models, significant research efforts are being devoted to the development of Multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Davide Caffagni , Federico Cocchi , Luca Barsellotti , Nicholas Moratelli , Sara Sarto , Lorenzo Baraldi , Lorenzo Baraldi , Marcella Cornia , Rita Cucchiara

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated extraordinary vision-language understanding capabilities, their abilities to solve instance-level visual-language problems beyond a single image warrant further exploration.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Yunqiu Xu , Linchao Zhu , Yi Yang

The rapid progress of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has unlocked the potential for enhanced 3D scene understanding and spatial reasoning. A recent line of work explores learning spatial reasoning directly from multi-view images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Kanghee Lee , Injae Lee , Minseok Kwak , Jungi Hong , Kwonyoung Ryu , Jaesik Park

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made groundbreaking progress in embodied intelligence, they still face significant challenges in spatial reasoning for complex long-horizon tasks. To address this gap, we propose…

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at many vision tasks, it is unknown if they exhibit human-like perceptual behaviors. To evaluate this, we introduce HVSBench, the first large-scale benchmark with over 85,000 samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Jiaying Lin , Shuquan Ye , Dan Xu , Wanli Ouyang , Rynson W. H. Lau

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in visual mathematical reasoning across various existing benchmarks. However, these benchmarks are predominantly based on clean or processed multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jun Feng , Zixin Wang , Zhentao Zhang , Yue Guo , Zhihan Zhou , Xiuyi Chen , Zhenyang Li , Dawei Yin

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) exhibit strong performance on single-video tasks (e.g., video question answering), their capability for spatiotemporal pattern reasoning across multiple videos remains a critical gap in pattern…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Nannan Zhu , Yonghao Dong , Teng Wang , Xueqian Li , Shengjun Deng , Yijia Wang , Zheng Hong , Tiantian Geng , Guo Niu , Hanyan Huang , Xiongfei Yao , Shuaiwei Jiao

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) that directly process RGB inputs for tasks like 3D localization and navigation have shown remarkable potential. However, we argue that these RGB-only approaches are fundamentally flawed in their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Gongjie Zhang , Wenhao Li , Quanhao Qian , Jiuniu Wang , Deli Zhao , Shijian Lu , Ran Xu

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in complex reasoning tasks. However, current evaluations predominantly focus on single-turn reasoning scenarios, leaving interactive tasks largely unexplored. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xiaoyuan Li , Keqin Bao , Yubo Ma , Moxin Li , Wenjie Wang , Rui Men , Yichang Zhang , Fuli Feng , Dayiheng Liu

Multi-step spatial reasoning entails understanding and reasoning about spatial relationships across multiple sequential steps, which is crucial for tackling complex real-world applications, such as robotic manipulation, autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kexian Tang , Junyao Gao , Yanhong Zeng , Haodong Duan , Yanan Sun , Zhening Xing , Wenran Liu , Kaifeng Lyu , Kai Chen

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have become increasingly versatile, accompanied by impressive Optical Character Recognition (OCR) related capabilities. Existing OCR-related benchmarks emphasize evaluating LMMs' abilities of relatively simple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haibin He , Maoyuan Ye , Jing Zhang , Xiantao Cai , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

A key frontier for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) is the ability to perform deep mathematical and spatial reasoning directly from images, moving beyond their established success in semantic description. Mathematical surface plots…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Nilay Pande , Sahiti Yerramilli , Jayant Sravan Tamarapalli , Rynaa Grover

We present SpinBench, a cognitively grounded diagnostic benchmark for evaluating spatial reasoning in vision language models (VLMs). SpinBench is designed around the core challenge of spatial reasoning: perspective taking, the ability to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yuyou Zhang , Radu Corcodel , Chiori Hori , Anoop Cherian , Ding Zhao

Understanding 3D spatial relationships remains a major limitation of current Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Prior work has addressed this issue by creating spatial question-answering (QA) datasets based on single images or indoor videos.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Mohsen Gholami , Ahmad Rezaei , Zhou Weimin , Sitong Mao , Shunbo Zhou , Yong Zhang , Mohammad Akbari

Large multimodal models (LMMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in understanding various types of image, including text-rich images. Most existing text-rich image benchmarks are simple extraction-based question answering, and many…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Jian Chen , Ruiyi Zhang , Yufan Zhou , Ryan Rossi , Jiuxiang Gu , Changyou Chen

Spatial reasoning plays a vital role in both human cognition and machine intelligence, prompting new research into language models' (LMs) capabilities in this regard. However, existing benchmarks reveal shortcomings in evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Fangjun Li , David C. Hogg , Anthony G. Cohn

Multimodal Vision Language Models (VLMs) have emerged as a transformative topic at the intersection of computer vision and natural language processing, enabling machines to perceive and reason about the world through both visual and textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Zongxia Li , Xiyang Wu , Hongyang Du , Fuxiao Liu , Huy Nghiem , Guangyao Shi
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