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Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly pushing the limits of contemporary computing hardware. For example, training GPT-3 has been estimated to consume around 1300 MWh of electricity, and projections suggest future models may require…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Renjie Li , Wenjie Wei , Qi Xin , Xiaoli Liu , Sixuan Mao , Erik Ma , Zijian Chen , Malu Zhang , Haizhou Li , Zhaoyu Zhang

The rapid growth of deep neural networks (DNNs) has exposed fundamental limitations in electronic accelerators, where data movement dominates energy consumption, commonly referred to as the memory wall. Photonic accelerators offer a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Belal Jahannia , Abdolah Amirany , Hamed Dalir

Physical neural networks (PNNs) are a class of neural-like networks that leverage the properties of physical systems to perform computation. While PNNs are so far a niche research area with small-scale laboratory demonstrations, they are…

Driven by the remarkable breakthroughs during the past decade, photonics neural networks have experienced a revival. Here, we provide a general overview of progress over the past decade, and sketch a roadmap of important future…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Daniel Brunner , Laurent Larger , Miguel C. Soriano

Nanophotonics has garnered intensive attention due to its unique capabilities in molding the flow of light in the subwavelength regime. Metasurfaces (MSs) and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) enable the realization of mass-producible,…

Optical metasurfaces have enabled high-speed, low-power image processing within a compact footprint. However, reconfigurable imaging in such flat devices remains a critical challenge for fully harnessing their potential in practical…

Optics · Physics 2025-02-25 Tingting Liu , Jumin Qiu , Tianbao Yu , Qiegen Liu , Jie Li , Shuyuan Xiao

Photonic computing promises ultrafast and energy-efficient artificial intelligence. However, existing photonic neural networks (PNNs) remain functionally shallow and difficult to scale. Here we establish a theory-guided framework showing…

Optics · Physics 2026-02-25 Yuxin Sun , Chun Gao , Jin Xie , Pan Wang , Zejie Yu , Yiwei Xie , Huan Li , Daoxin Dai

Probabilistic computing excels in approximating combinatorial problems and modelling uncertainty. However, using conventional deterministic hardware for probabilistic models is challenging: (pseudo) random number generation introduces…

A variety of complicated computational scenarios have made unprecedented demands on the computing power and energy efficiency of electronic computing systems, including solving intractable nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP)-complete…

Photonic neural networks capable of rapid programming are indispensable to realize many functionalities. Phase change technology can provide nonvolatile programmability in photonic neural networks. Integrating direct laser writing technique…

Optics · Physics 2025-10-17 Sanaz Zarei

In the recent years, we observe a dramatic boost of research in photonics empowered by the concepts of machine learning and artificial intelligence. The corresponding photonic systems, to which this new methodology is applied, can range…

Optics · Physics 2022-04-04 Sergey Krasikov , Aaron Tranter , Andrey Bogdanov , Yuri Kivshar

Programmable photonic circuits (PPCs) have garnered substantial interest in achieving deep learning accelerations and universal quantum computations. Although photonic computation using PPCs offers critical advantages, including ultrafast…

Optics · Physics 2024-04-11 Xianji Piao , Sunkyu Yu , Namkyoo Park

Metasurfaces, ultrathin and planar electromagnetic devices with sub-wavelength unit cells, have recently attracted enormous attention for their powerful control over electromagnetic waves, from microwave to visible range. With tunability…

Recently, both industry and academia have proposed several different neuromorphic systems to execute machine learning applications that are designed using Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). With the growing complexity on design and technology…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Phu Khanh Huynh , M. Lakshmi Varshika , Ankita Paul , Murat Isik , Adarsha Balaji , Anup Das

Controlling the flow of light within complex and dynamic environments is essential for a wide range of applications, from deep-tissue imaging and optogenetics to precision phototherapy. Typically, such light flows are controlled using…

Optics · Physics 2026-03-03 Seung Yeol Lee , Yujie Luo , Ognjen Ilic

Programmable integrated photonics has emerged as a powerful platform for implementing diverse optical functions on a single chip through software-driven reconfiguration. At the core of these processors, photonic waveguide meshes enable…

Optics · Physics 2025-02-27 Cristina Catalá-Lahoz , Jose Capmany

NP-complete problems are widely and deeply involved in various real-life scenarios while still intractable to solve efficiently on conventional computers. It is of great practical significance to construct versatile computing architectures…

Optics · Physics 2023-08-29 Xiao-Yun Xu , Tian-Yu Zhang , Zi-Wei Wang , Chu-Han Wang , Xian-Min Jin

Efficient hybrid plasmonic-photonic metasurfaces that simultaneously take advantage of the potential of both pure metallic and all-dielectric nanoantennas are identified as an emerging technology in flat optics. Nevertheless,…

The Artificial Intelligence models pose serious challenges in intensive computing and high-bandwidth communication for conventional electronic circuit-based computing clusters. Silicon photonic technologies, owing to their high speed, low…

Photonic computing shows great potential for signal processing and artificial intelligence (AI) acceleration due to its ultra-high speed, low energy consumption, and inherent parallelism. Existing photonic computing research has mainly…