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We show that the algorithmic complexity of any classical algorithm written in a Turing-complete programming language polynomially bounds the number of quantum bits that are required to run and even symbolically execute the algorithm on a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Christoph M. Kirsch , Stefanie Muroya Lei

The polynomial-time hierarchy ($\mathrm{PH}$) has proven to be a powerful tool for providing separations in computational complexity theory (modulo standard conjectures such as $\mathrm{PH}$ does not collapse). Here, we study whether two…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Sevag Gharibian , Miklos Santha , Jamie Sikora , Aarthi Sundaram , Justin Yirka

Quantum inspired protocols e.g. [AAV13,AG17] attempt to achieve a single-prover interactive protocol where a classical machine can verify quantum computations in an information-theoretically secure manner. We define a family of protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-14 Ayal Green

We show the following hold, unconditionally unless otherwise stated, relative to a random oracle: - There are NP search problems solvable by quantum polynomial-time machines but not classical probabilistic polynomial-time machines. - There…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-12 Takashi Yamakawa , Mark Zhandry

We present new results on the landscape of problems that can be solved by quantum Turing machines (QTM's) employing severely limited amounts of memory. In this context, we demonstrate two infinite time hierarchies of complexity classes…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-05-07 A. C. Cem Say

We investigate the structure of quantum proof systems by establishing collapse results that reveal simplifications in their complexity landscape. By extending classical theorems such as the Karp-Lipton theorem to quantum settings and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Kartik Anand , Kabgyun Jeong , Junseo Lee

Shor's and Grover's famous quantum algorithms for factoring and searching show that quantum computers can solve certain computational problems significantly faster than any classical computer. We discuss here what quantum computers_cannot_…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-02 Peter Hoyer , Robert Spalek

We initiate the study of parameterized complexity of $\textsf{QMA}$ problems in terms of the number of non-Clifford gates in the problem description. We show that for the problem of parameterized quantum circuit satisfiability, there exists…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-13 Srinivasan Arunachalam , Sergey Bravyi , Chinmay Nirkhe , Bryan O'Gorman

The class of languages having polynomial-time classical or quantum interactive proof systems ($\mathsf{IP}$ or $\mathsf{QIP}$, respectively) is identical to $\mathsf{PSPACE}$. We show that $\mathsf{PSPACE}$ (and so $\mathsf{QIP}$) is subset…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Abuzer Yakaryılmaz

We propose a new method for proving lower bounds on quantum query algorithms. Instead of a classical adversary that runs the algorithm with one input and then modifies the input, we use a quantum adversary that runs the algorithm with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andris Ambainis

Decision problems are the problems whose answer is either YES or NO. As the quantum analogue of $\mathsf{NP}$ (nondeterministic polynomial time), the class $\mathsf{QMA}$ (quantum Merlin-Arthur) contains the decision problems whose YES…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-08 Kai Sun , Zi-Jian Zhang , Fei Meng , Bin Cheng , Zhu Cao , Jin-Shi Xu , Man-Hong Yung , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

We study a model where two opposing provers debate over the membership status of a given string in a language, trying to convince a weak verifier whose coins are visible to all. We show that the incorporation of just two qubits to an…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-07-13 Abuzer Yakaryilmaz , A. C. Cem Say , H. Gökalp Demirci

With today's quantum processors venturing into regimes beyond the capabilities of classical devices [1-3], we face the challenge to verify that these devices perform as intended, even when we cannot check their results on classical…

Designing quantum processors is a complex task that demands advanced verification methods to ensure their correct functionality. However, traditional methods of comprehensively verifying quantum devices, such as quantum process tomography,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Keren Li , Peng Yan , Hanru Jiang , Nengkun Yu

The Polynomial-Time Hierarchy ($\mathsf{PH}$) is a staple of classical complexity theory, with applications spanning randomized computation to circuit lower bounds to ''quantum advantage'' analyses for near-term quantum computers.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Avantika Agarwal , Sevag Gharibian , Venkata Koppula , Dorian Rudolph

A test of quantumness is a protocol that allows a classical verifier to certify (only) that a prover is not classical. We show that tests of quantumness that follow a certain template, which captures recent proposals such as (Kalai et al.,…

We provide several advances to the understanding of the class of Quantum Merlin-Arthur proof systems (QMA), the quantum analogue of NP. Our central contribution is proving a longstanding conjecture that the Consistency of Local Density…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-13 Anne Broadbent , Alex B. Grilo

We present the first protocol allowing a classical computer to interactively verify the result of an efficient quantum computation. We achieve this by constructing a measurement protocol, which enables a classical verifier to use a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Urmila Mahadev

A proof of quantumness is a method for provably demonstrating (to a classical verifier) that a quantum device can perform computational tasks that a classical device with comparable resources cannot. Providing a proof of quantumness is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-12 Zvika Brakerski , Venkata Koppula , Umesh Vazirani , Thomas Vidick

Properties of Boolean functions can often be tested much faster than the functions can be learned. However, this advantage usually disappears when testers are limited to random samples of a function $f$--a natural setting for data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Matthias C. Caro , Preksha Naik , Joseph Slote