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Despite advances in neural machine translation, cross-lingual retrieval tasks in which queries and documents live in different natural language spaces remain challenging. Although neural translation models may provide an intuitive approach…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Zhizhong Chen , Carsten Eickhoff

Cross-lingual transfer in NLP is often hindered by the ``script barrier'' where differences in writing systems inhibit transfer learning between languages. Transliteration, the process of converting the script, has emerged as a powerful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Thanmay Jayakumar , Deepon Halder , Raj Dabre

Although multilingual LLMs have achieved remarkable performance across benchmarks, we find they continue to underperform on non-Latin script languages across contemporary LLM families. This discrepancy arises from the fact that LLMs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Hoang H Nguyen , Khyati Mahajan , Vikas Yadav , Julian Salazar , Philip S. Yu , Masoud Hashemi , Rishabh Maheshwary

Transliterating related languages that use different scripts into a common script is effective for improving crosslingual transfer in downstream tasks. However, this methodology often makes pretraining a model from scratch unavoidable, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yihong Liu , Chunlan Ma , Haotian Ye , Hinrich Schütze

Transliteration has emerged as a promising means to bridge the gap between various languages in multilingual NLP, showing promising results especially for languages using non-Latin scripts. We investigate the degree to which shared script,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Haeji Jung , Jinju Kim , Kyungjin Kim , Youjeong Roh , David R. Mortensen

Although multilingual language models exhibit impressive cross-lingual transfer capabilities on unseen languages, the performance on downstream tasks is impacted when there is a script disparity with the languages used in the multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Kurt Micallef , Nizar Habash , Claudia Borg , Fadhl Eryani , Houda Bouamor

Script diversity presents a challenge to Multilingual Language Models (MLLM) by reducing lexical overlap among closely related languages. Therefore, transliterating closely related languages that use different writing scripts to a common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ibraheem Muhammad Moosa , Mahmud Elahi Akhter , Ashfia Binte Habib

Exposing latent lexical overlap, script romanization has emerged as an effective strategy for improving cross-lingual transfer (XLT) in multilingual language models (mLMs). Most prior work, however, focused on setups that favor romanization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Benedikt Ebing , Lennart Keller , Goran Glavaš

The Latin script is often used to informally write languages with non-Latin native scripts. In many cases (e.g., most languages in India), the lack of conventional spelling in the Latin script results in high spelling variability. Such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Adrian Benton , Alexander Gutkin , Christo Kirov , Brian Roark

Cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) enables access to multilingual knowledge but remains challenging due to disparities in resources, scripts, and weak cross-lingual semantic alignment in embedding models. Existing pipelines often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Roksana Goworek , Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Eda B. Özyiğit

Cross-lingual transfer in natural language processing (NLP) models enhances multilingual performance by leveraging shared linguistic knowledge. However, traditional methods that process all data simultaneously often fail to mimic real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Maria Khelli , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Ayu Purwarianti , Genta Indra Winata

Decoder-only large language models (LLMs) excel in high-resource languages across various tasks through few-shot or even zero-shot in-context learning (ICL). However, their performance often does not transfer well to low-resource languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Chunlan Ma , Yihong Liu , Haotian Ye , Hinrich Schütze

Cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) addresses the challenge of retrieving relevant documents written in languages different from that of the original query. Research in this area has typically framed the task as monolingual retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Roksana Goworek , Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Eda B. Özyiğit

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes clinical applications in India. Speakers of Indian languages frequently communicate using romanized text rather than native scripts, yet existing research rarely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Manurag Khullar , Utkarsh Desai , Poorva Malviya , Aman Dalmia , Zheyuan Ryan Shi

We trained a model to automatically transliterate Judeo-Arabic texts into Arabic script, enabling Arabic readers to access those writings. We employ a recurrent neural network (RNN), combined with the connectionist temporal classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Ori Terner , Kfir Bar , Nachum Dershowitz

This paper introduces a pioneering English-Azerbaijani (Arabic Script) parallel corpus, designed to bridge the technological gap in language learning and machine translation (MT) for under-resourced languages. Consisting of 548,000 parallel…

We train a bilingual Arabic-Hebrew language model using a transliterated version of Arabic texts in Hebrew, to ensure both languages are represented in the same script. Given the morphological, structural similarities, and the extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Aviad Rom , Kfir Bar

The search of information in large text repositories has been plagued by the so-called document-query vocabulary gap, i.e. the semantic discordance between the contents in the stored document entities on the one hand and the human query on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Bhawani Selvaretnam , Mohammed Belkhatir

Cross-lingual retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a critical capability for retrieving and generating answers across languages. Prior work in this context has mostly focused on generation and relied on benchmarks derived from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Chen Amiraz , Yaroslav Fyodorov , Elad Haramaty , Zohar Karnin , Liane Lewin-Eytan

With the increasing accessibility and utilization of multilingual documents, Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval (CLIR) has emerged as an important research area. Conventionally, CLIR tasks have been conducted under settings where the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Seongtae Hong , Youngjoon Jang , Jungseob Lee , Hyeonseok Moon , Heuiseok Lim
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