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Accurate diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases require integrating histological, molecular, and clinical data, yet in practice these modalities are often incomplete owing to tissue scarcity, assay cost, and workflow constraints.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jinxi Xiang , Mingjie Li , Siyu Hou , Yijiang Chen , Xiangde Luo , Yuanfeng Ji , Xiang Zhou , Ehsan Adeli , Akshay Chaudhari , Curtis P. Langlotz , Kilian M. Pohl , Ruijiang Li

Virtual staining streamlines traditional staining procedures by digitally generating stained images from unstained or differently stained images. While conventional staining methods involve time-consuming chemical processes, virtual…

Image-to-image translation (I2I) methods allow the generation of artificial images that share the content of the original image but have a different style. With the advances in Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)-based methods, I2I…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-07 Igor Zingman , Sergio Frayle , Ivan Tankoyeu , Segrey Sukhanov , Fabian Heinemann

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) reveals spatial heterogeneity of gene expression, yet its resolution is limited by current platforms. Recent methods enhance resolution via H&E-stained histology, but three major challenges persist: (1)…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-12 Xuepeng Liu , Zheng Jiang , Pinan Zhu , Hanyu Liu , Chao Li

With the advent of digital scanners and deep learning, diagnostic operations may move from a microscope to a desktop. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is one of the most frequently used stains for disease analysis, diagnosis, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Shikha Dubey , Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Deep learning models that are trained on histopathological images obtained from a single lab and/or scanner give poor inference performance on images obtained from another scanner/lab with a different staining protocol. In recent years,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-07 Harshal Nishar , Nikhil Chavanke , Nitin Singhal

In digital pathology, different staining procedures and scanners cause substantial color variations in whole-slide images (WSIs), especially across different laboratories. These color shifts result in a poor generalization of deep…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-27 Sophia J. Wagner , Nadieh Khalili , Raghav Sharma , Melanie Boxberg , Carsten Marr , Walter de Back , Tingying Peng

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) bridges gene expression and tissue morphology but faces clinical adoption barriers due to technical complexity and prohibitive costs. While computational methods predict gene expression from H&E-stained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Ziqiao Weng , Yaoyu Fang , Jiahe Qian , Xinkun Wang , Lee AD Cooper , Weidong Cai , Bo Zhou

Digitized Histological diagnosis is in increasing demand. However, color variations due to various factors are imposing obstacles to the diagnosis process. The problem of stain color variations is a well-defined problem with many proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-06 M Tarek Shaban , Christoph Baur , Nassir Navab , Shadi Albarqouni

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) aims to computationally synthesize molecular staining patterns from routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E) images, offering a cost-effective and tissue-efficient alternative to traditional physical staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Rongze Ma , Mengkang Lu , Zhenyu Xiang , Yongsheng Pan , Yicheng Wu , Qingjie Zeng , Yong Xia

Computational histopathology image diagnosis becomes increasingly popular and important, where images are segmented or classified for disease diagnosis by computers. While pathologists do not struggle with color variations in slides,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-27 Hanwen Liang , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Xingyu Li

The classification of Antibody Mediated Rejection (AMR) in kidney transplant remains challenging even for experienced nephropathologists; this is partly because histological tissue stain analysis is often characterized by low inter-observer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Pietro Antonio Cicalese , Aryan Mobiny , Pengyu Yuan , Jan Becker , Chandra Mohan , Hien Van Nguyen

The field of histology relies heavily on antiquated tissue processing and staining techniques that limit the efficiency of pathologic diagnoses of cancer and other diseases. Current staining and advanced labeling methods are often…

Virtual staining of histopathology images (e.g., H&E-IHC) is an emerging tool in digital pathology, enabling faster and cheaper workflows by synthesizing target stains from routinely acquired slides. Yet, the quality of virtual staining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Fedor Gubanov , Svetlana Illarionova , Vlad Kozlovskiy , Mikhail Romanov , Yersultan Akhmetov , Aida Akaeva , Vyacheslav Grinevich , Rifat Hamoudi , Maxim Sharaev

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) allow on-the-fly in vivo intraoperative imaging in a discreet field of view, especially for brain tumors, rather than extracting tissue for examination ex vivo with conventional light microscopy.…

This paper introduces a Virtual Immunohistochemistry Multiplex staining (VIMs) model designed to generate multiple immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from a single hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue section. IHC stains are crucial in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Shikha Dubey , Yosep Chong , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Generative AI has received substantial attention in recent years due to its ability to synthesize data that closely resembles the original data source. While Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have provided innovative approaches for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Xuan Xu , Saarthak Kapse , Rajarsi Gupta , Prateek Prasanna

While hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) is a standard staining procedure, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining further serves as a diagnostic and prognostic method. However, acquiring special staining results requires substantial costs. Hence, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Ming-Yang Ho , Min-Sheng Wu , Che-Ming Wu

Histopathological imaging is vital for cancer research and clinical practice, with multiplexed Immunofluorescence (MxIF) and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) providing complementary insights. However, aligning different stains at the cell level…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-02 Jun Jiang , Raymond Moore , Brenna Novotny , Leo Liu , Zachary Fogarty , Ray Guo , Markovic Svetomir , Chen Wang

Deep learning models can generate virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images, offering a scalable and low-cost alternative to laboratory IHC. However, reliable evaluation of image quality remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Tushar Kataria , Shikha Dubey , Mary Bronner , Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz , Ben J. Brintz , Shireen Y. Elhabian , Beatrice S. Knudsen