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The application of code clone technology accelerates code search, improves code reuse efficiency, and assists in software quality assessment and code vulnerability detection. However, the application of code clones also introduces software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Xunhui Zhang , Tao Wang , Yue Yu , Yanzhi Zhang , Yan Zhong , Huaimin Wang

Co-change candidates are the group of code fragments that require a change if any of these fragments experience a modification in a commit operation during software evolution. The cloned co-change candidates are a subset of the co-change…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Md Nadim , Manishankar Mondal , Chanchal K. Roy , Kevin Schneider

Code clone detection (CCD) supports software maintenance, refactoring, and security analysis. Although pre-trained models capture code semantics, most work reduces CCD to binary classification, overlooking the heterogeneity of clone types…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Mengdi Li , Yuming Liu , He Wang , Zifeng Xu , Yuqing Zhang

We identify label errors in the test sets of 10 of the most commonly-used computer vision, natural language, and audio datasets, and subsequently study the potential for these label errors to affect benchmark results. Errors in test sets…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-09 Curtis G. Northcutt , Anish Athalye , Jonas Mueller

Semantic code clone detection is the task of detecting whether two snippets of code implement the same functionality (e.g., Sort Array). Recently, many neural models achieved near-perfect performance on this task. These models seek to make…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Konstantinos Kitsios , Francesco Sovrano , Earl T. Barr , Alberto Bacchelli

Building rich machine learning datasets in a scalable manner often necessitates a crowd-sourced data collection pipeline. In this work, we use human studies to investigate the consequences of employing such a pipeline, focusing on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Dimitris Tsipras , Shibani Santurkar , Logan Engstrom , Andrew Ilyas , Aleksander Madry

Code clones are similar code fragments that often arise from copy-and-paste programming. Neural networks can classify pairs of code fragments as clone/not-clone with high accuracy. However, finding clones in industrial-scale code needs a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Gul Aftab Ahmed , Muslim Chochlov , Abdul Razzaq , James Vincent Patten , Yuanhua Han , Guoxian Lu , Jim Buckley , David Gregg

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into legal drafting and research workflows, where incorrect citations or fabricated precedents can cause serious professional harm. Existing legal benchmarks largely emphasize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Sijia Chen , Hang Yin , Shunfan Zhou

Standard datasets are frequently used to train and evaluate Machine Learning models. However, the assumed standardness of these datasets leads to a lack of in-depth discussion on how their labels match the derived categories for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Tim Cech , Ole Wegen , Daniel Atzberger , Rico Richter , Willy Scheibel , Jürgen Döllner

Software clone detection identifies similar code snippets. It has been an active research topic that attracts extensive attention over the last two decades. In recent years, machine learning (ML) based detectors, especially deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Weiwei Zhang , Shengjian Guo , Hongyu Zhang , Yulei Sui , Yinxing Xue , Yun Xu

The reuse of code fragments by copying and pasting is widely practiced in software development and results in code clones. Cloning is considered an anti-pattern as it negatively affects program correctness and increases maintenance efforts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Hannes Thaller , Rudolf Ramler , Josef Pichler , Alexander Egyed

In computer vision, a prevailing method for quantifying dataset bias is to train a model to distinguish between datasets. High classification accuracy is then interpreted as evidence of meaningful semantic differences. This approach assumes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Amir Hossein Saleknia , Mohammad Sabokrou

This paper presents the multi-modal BigEarthNet (BigEarthNet-MM) benchmark archive made up of 590,326 pairs of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 image patches to support the deep learning (DL) studies in multi-modal multi-label remote sensing (RS)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Gencer Sumbul , Arne de Wall , Tristan Kreuziger , Filipe Marcelino , Hugo Costa , Pedro Benevides , Mário Caetano , Begüm Demir , Volker Markl

Defect detection at commit check-in time prevents the introduction of defects into software systems. Current defect detection approaches rely on metric-based models which are not very accurate and whose results are not directly useful for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Hareem Sahar , Yuxin Liu , Abram Hindle , Denilson Barbosa

Since its release, ImageNet-1k dataset has become a gold standard for evaluating model performance. It has served as the foundation for numerous other datasets and training tasks in computer vision. As models have improved in accuracy,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Nikita Kisel , Illia Volkov , Katerina Hanzelkova , Klara Janouskova , Jiri Matas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in various natural language processing and software engineering tasks, such as code generation. The LLMs are mainly utilized in the prompt-based zero/few-shot paradigm to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Mohamad Khajezade , Jie JW Wu , Fatemeh Hendijani Fard , Gema Rodríguez-Pérez , Mohamed Sami Shehata

Software clones are beneficial to detect security gaps and software maintenance in one programming language or across multiple languages. The existing work on source clone detection performs well but in a single programming language.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Mohammad A. Yahya , Dae-Kyoo Kim

Reliability and generalization in deep learning are predominantly studied in the context of image classification. Yet, real-world applications in safety-critical domains involve a broader set of semantic tasks, such as semantic segmentation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Shashank Agnihotri , David Schader , Jonas Jakubassa , Nico Sharei , Simon Kral , Mehmet Ege Kaçar , Ruben Weber , Margret Keuper

Recent studies have raised concerns about the potential threats large language models (LLMs) pose to academic integrity and copyright protection. Yet, their investigation is predominantly focused on literal copies of original texts. Also,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jooyoung Lee , Toshini Agrawal , Adaku Uchendu , Thai Le , Jinghui Chen , Dongwon Lee

Clustering is a fundamental problem in data science with a long-standing research history, yielding numerous insightful algorithms. Despite this progress, a systematic and large-scale empirical evaluation that jointly considers conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Feng Xiao , Dazhi Fu , Chris Ding , Jicong Fan