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Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools, but their inherent safety risks - ranging from harmful content generation to broader societal harms - pose significant challenges. These risks can be amplified by the recent…

Altruism is fundamental to human societies, fostering cooperation and social cohesion. Recent studies suggest that large language models (LLMs) can display human-like prosocial behavior, but the internal computations that produce such…

General Economics · Economics 2026-04-22 Shuhuai Zhang , Shu Wang , Zijun Yao , Chuanhao Li , Xiaozhi Wang , Songfa Zhong , Tracy Xiao Liu

Understanding the internal representations of large language models (LLMs) remains a central challenge for interpretability research. Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) offer a promising solution by decomposing activations into interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yifei Yao , Mengnan Du

Inference-time LLM alignment methods, particularly activation steering, offer an alternative to fine-tuning by directly modifying activations during generation. Existing methods, however, often rely on non-anticipative interventions that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Julian Skifstad , Xinyue Annie Yang , Glen Chou

Reinforcement learning has enabled significant progress in complex domains such as coordinating and navigating multiple quadrotors. However, even well-trained policies remain vulnerable to collisions in obstacle-rich environments.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Satyajeet Das , Darren Chiu , Zhehui Huang , Lars Lindemann , Gaurav S. Sukhatme

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code generation, where the natural language prompt plays a crucial role in conveying user intent to the model. However, prior studies have shown that LLMs are highly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Shuhan Liu , Xing Hu , Kerui Huang , Xiaohu Yang , David Lo , Xin Xia

Despite impressive performance on language modelling and complex reasoning tasks, Large Language Models (LLMs) fall short on the same tasks in uncommon settings or with distribution shifts, exhibiting a lack of generalisation ability. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Gaël Gendron , Bao Trung Nguyen , Alex Yuxuan Peng , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

Existing works are dedicated to untangling atomized numerical components (features) from the hidden states of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, they typically rely on autoencoders constrained by some training-time regularization on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Hakaze Cho , Haolin Yang , Yanshu Li , Brian M. Kurkoski , Naoya Inoue

Achieving robust safety alignment in large language models (LLMs) while preserving their utility remains a fundamental challenge. Existing approaches often struggle to balance comprehensive safety with fine-grained controllability at the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Huizhen Shu , Xuying Li , Zhuo Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate inconsistent responses when prompted with semantically equivalent paraphrased inputs. Recently, activation steering, a technique that modulates LLMs' behaviours by adjusting their latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Jingyuan Yang , Rongjun Li , Weixuan Wang , Ziyu Zhou , Zhiyong Feng , Wei Peng

Activation steering, or representation engineering, offers a lightweight approach to align large language models (LLMs) by manipulating their internal activations at inference time. However, current methods suffer from two key limitations:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hongjue Zhao , Haosen Sun , Jiangtao Kong , Xiaochang Li , Qineng Wang , Liwei Jiang , Qi Zhu , Tarek Abdelzaher , Yejin Choi , Manling Li , Huajie Shao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools with profound societal impacts, yet their ability to generate responses to diverse and uncontrolled inputs leaves them vulnerable to adversarial attacks. While existing defenses often struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Samuel Simko , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit reasoning biases, often conflating content plausibility with formal logical validity. This can lead to wrong inferences in critical domains, where plausible arguments are incorrectly deemed logically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Marco Valentino , Geonhee Kim , Dhairya Dalal , Zhixue Zhao , André Freitas

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for automated code generation, yet their apparent successes often mask a tension between pretraining objectives and alignment choices. While pretraining encourages models to exploit all available…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Oussama Ben Sghaier , Kevin Delcourt , Houari Sahraoui

In this paper, we conduct an emulation-guided study to systematically investigate the feasibility of Large language model (LLM)-driven congestion control. The exploration is structured into two phases. The first phase derisks the whole…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Xiaoxuan Qin , Yufei Wang , Longfei Shangguan

Activation steering methods are widely used to control large language model (LLM) behavior and are often interpreted as revealing meaningful internal representations. This interpretation assumes that steering directions are identifiable and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Sohan Venkatesh , Ashish Mahendran Kurapath

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation but remain heavily reliant on large-scale annotated solutions and verification-based supervision, which constrains scalability and hinders sustained self-improvement. Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Yixu Huang , Xinglei Yu , Zhongyu Wei

AI-assisted coding tools powered by Code Large Language Models (CodeLLMs) are increasingly integrated into modern software development workflows. To address concerns around privacy, latency, and model customization, many enterprises opt to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Kishanthan Thangarajah , Boyuan Chen , Shi Chang , Ahmed E. Hassan

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to auto-regressive (AR) models, offering greater expressive capacity and potential for parallel generation and faster inference. However, open-source dLLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Natalia Frumkin , Bokun Wang , Hung-Yueh Chiang , Chi-Chih Chang , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Diana Marculescu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to the development of thinking language models that generate extensive internal reasoning chains before producing responses. While these models achieve improved performance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Constantin Venhoff , Iván Arcuschin , Philip Torr , Arthur Conmy , Neel Nanda
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