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Establishing scalable, secure quantum networks requires advancing beyond conventional point-to-point quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols toward point-to-multipoint QKD protocols. Here, we generalize a well-established…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) offers an approach to achieve a potential high secret key rate (SKR) in metropolitan areas. There are several challenges in developing a practical CV-QKD system from the laboratory to…

We propose a novel scheme for continuous variable quantum key distribution(CV-QKD) using the subcarrier multiplexing technique which was employed in microwave photonics. This scheme allows to distribute N channels independent Gaussian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-19 Jian Fang , Peng Huang , Guihua Zeng

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) provides unconditional security; however, its practical implementations are susceptible to exploitable vulnerabilities. This investigation tackles the constraints in practical QKD implementations…

We investigate the performance of Gaussianmodulated coherent-state QKD protocols in the presence of canonical attacks, which are collective Gaussian attacks resulting in Gaussian channels described by one of the possible canonical forms. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Panagiotis Papanastasiou , Carlo Ottaviani , Stefano Pirandola

In the burgeoning field of quantum computing, the precise design and optimization of quantum pulses are essential for enhancing qubit operation fidelity. This study focuses on refining the pulse engineering techniques for superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-13 Annika S. Wiening , Joern Bergendahl , Vicente Leyton-Ortega , Peter Nalbach

In a practical CVQKD system, the optical attenuator can adjust the Gaussian-modulated coherent states and the local oscillator signal to an optimal value for guaranteeing the security of the system and optimizing the performance of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-17 Yi Zheng , Peng Huang , Anqi Huang , Jinye Peng , Guihua Zeng

To achieve the maximum information transfer and face a possible eavesdropper, the samples transmitted in continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) protocols are to be drawn from a continuous Gaussian distribution. As a matter of…

We consider discrete-modulation protocols for continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) that employ a modulation constellation consisting of a finite number of coherent states and that use a homodyne or a heterodyne-detection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-20 Eneet Kaur , Saikat Guha , Mark M. Wilde

We use a recent numerical security proof approach to calculate tight secure key rates in the presence of collective attacks for a continuous-variable (CV) eight-state phase-shift keying (8PSK) protocol with heterodyne detection in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-18 Florian Kanitschar , Christoph Pacher

In the Gaussian-modulated coherent state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, the sender first generates Gaussian distributed random numbers and then encodes them on weak laser pulses actively by performing amplitude and phase…

High relative velocities and large distances in space-based quantum communication with satellites in lower earth orbits can lead to significant Doppler shifts and delays of the signal impairing the achievable performance if uncorrected. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-02 Emanuel Schlake , Roy Barzel , Dennis Rätzel , Claus Lämmerzahl

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables information-theoretically secure key generation between legitimate parties. To further enhance system performance, an improved two-way CV-QKD protocol has been proposed, which is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is the sharing of secret keys between different parties using the continuous amplitude and phase quadratures of light. There are many protocols in which different modulation schemes are…

Quantum key distribution (QKD), a technology that enables perfectly secure communication, has evolved to the stage where many different protocols are being used in real-world implementations. Each protocol has its own advantages, meaning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-14 G. L. Roberts , M. Lucamarini , J. F. Dynes , S. J. Savory , Z. L. Yuan , A. J. Shields

Advances in quantum physics and computational complexity threaten the security of present day cryptographic systems and have driven the development of quantum key distribution (QKD). Entangled quantum key distribution (EQKD) is a secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-09-08 Patrick Rice , Israel J. Owens

The security proof of continuous variable (CV) measurement device independent (MDI) quantum key distribution (QKD) cannot be reduced to the analysis of one-mode Gaussian attacks (in particular, independent entangling-cloner attacks). To…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-22 Carlo Ottaviani , Gaetana Spedalieri , Samuel L. Braunstein , Stefano Pirandola

This study presents a comprehensive simulation-based analysis of optical pilot tone generation for local oscillator synchronization in continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) systems using Gaussian-modulated (GM) coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Samael Sarmiento , Jeison Tabares , Sebastian Etcheverry

In comparison to conventional discrete-variable (DV) quantum key distribution (QKD), continuous-variable (CV) QKD with homodyne/heterodyne measurements has distinct advantages of lower-cost implementation and affinity to wavelength division…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-18 Takaya Matsuura , Kento Maeda , Toshihiko Sasaki , Masato Koashi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has emerged as a promising solution to protect current cryptographic systems against the threat of quantum computers. As QKD transitions from laboratories to real-world applications, its implementation under…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Hashir Kuniyil , Saif Al-Kuwari , Asad Ali , Artur Czerwinski , Syed M. Arslan