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Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has been proposed recently as a novel and generalized RIS architecture that offers enhanced wave manipulation flexibility and large coverage expansion. However, the beyond-diagonal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can improve the capacity of wireless communication links by passively beamforming the impinging signals in desired directions. This feature has been demonstrated both analytically and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-23 Emil Björnson , Özlem Tuğfe Demir

This letter proposes a movable beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (MA-BD-RIS) design, combining inter-element connectivity and movability for channel enhancement. We study a MA-BD-RIS assisted multi-user multiple input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Shuyue Xu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as an innovative and generalized RIS framework that provides greater flexibility in wave manipulation and enhanced coverage. In comparison to conventional RIS,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-24 Shreya Khisa , Ali Amhaz , Mohamed Elhattab , Chadi Assi , Sanaa Sharafeddine

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology has emerged as a promising enabler for next-generation wireless networks, offering a paradigm shift from passive environments to programmable radio wave propagation. Despite the potential…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been envisioned as a key technology in future wireless communication networks to enable smart radio environment. To further enhance the passive beamforming capability of RIS, beyond diagonal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Ziang Liu , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which enables advanced wave control through interconnection of RIS elements, are gaining growing recognition as a promising technology for 6G and beyond. However, the enhanced…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) significantly improve wireless performance by allowing tunable interconnections among elements, but their design in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has so far…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-13 Ignacio Santamaria , Mohammad Soleymani , Jesus Gutierrez , Eduard Jorswieck

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a promising technology for 6G wireless networks, offering more advanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation than conventional diagonal RIS. This paper…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-01 Kexin Chen , Yijie Mao , Wonjae Shin

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) hold significant promise for enhancing physical layer security (PLS). However, conventional RISs are typically modeled using diagonal scattering matrices, capturing only independent reflections…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Weijie Xiong , Jingran Lin , Cunhua Pan , Yilong Zeng , Qiang Li

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

This work studies the wideband modeling and beamforming design of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which generalizes and goes beyond conventional RIS with diagonal phase shift matrices to achieve enhanced channel…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Haijun Zhang

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has attracted considerable attention of both academia and industry in recent years, given its capacity to dynamically manipulate the reflection of incident electromagnetic waves. Although the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Pedro H. C. de Souza , Luciano Mendes

This letter focuses on a transmitter or base station (BS) side beyond-diagonal reflecting intelligent surface (BD-RIS) deployment strategy to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of a time-division-duplex massive multiple-input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Anup Mishra , Yijie Mao , Carmen D'Andrea , Stefano Buzzi , Bruno Clerckx

This paper delves into the unexplored frequency-dependent characteristics of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs). A generalized practical frequency-dependent reflection model is proposed as a fundamental framework…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-25 Arthur S. de Sena , Mehdi Rasti , Nurul H. Mahmood , Matti Latva-aho

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) have introduced unprecedented flexibility and adaptability toward smart wireless channels. Recent research on integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems has demonstrated that RIS platforms…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-27 Tara Esmaeilbeig , Kumar Vijay Mishra , Mojtaba Soltanalian

We study channel estimation for a beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) aided multiple input single output system. We first describe the channel estimation strategy based on the least square (LS) method, derive the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Hongyu Li , Yumeng Zhang , Bruno Clerckx

We present the first experimental prototype of a reflective beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), i.e., a RIS with reconfigurable inter-element connections. Our BD-RIS consists of an antenna array whose ports are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-20 Jean Tapie , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Philipp del Hougne

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology in wireless communications, offering unprecedented control over signal propagation. This study focuses on passive beyond diagonal reconfigurable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-10 Ainna Yue Moreno-Locubiche , Josep Vidal