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We address numerical differentiation under coarse, non-uniform sampling and Gaussian noise. A maximum-likelihood estimator with $L_2$-norm constraint on a higher-order derivative is obtained, yielding spline-based solution. We introduce a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-31 Konstantin E. Avrachenkov , Leonid B. Freidovich

Extremile (Daouia, Gijbels and Stupfler,2019) is a novel and coherent measure of risk, determined by weighted expectations rather than tail probabilities. It finds application in risk management, and, in contrast to quantiles, it fulfills…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-12 Rong Jiang , Keming Yu

Exact MLE for generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) is a long-standing problem unsolved until today. The proposed research solves the problem. In this problem, the main difficulty is caused by intractable integrals in the likelihood…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-14 Tonglin Zhang

Generalized linear mixed models are useful in studying hierarchical data with possibly non-Gaussian responses. However, the intractability of likelihood functions poses challenges for estimation. We develop a new method suitable for this…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-26 Zexi Song , Zhiqiang Tan

We consider the problem of finding tuned regularized parameter estimators for linear models. We start by showing that three known optimal linear estimators belong to a wider class of estimators that can be formulated as a solution to a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-05-03 Per Mattsson , Dave Zachariah , Petre Stoica

Calibration of predicted probabilities is critical for reliable machine learning, yet it is poorly understood how standard training procedures yield well-calibrated models. This work provides the first theoretical proof that canonical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Masahiro Fujisawa , Futoshi Futami

A two-stage adaptive optimal design is an attractive option for increasing the efficiency of clinical trials. In these designs, based on interim data, the locally optimal dose is chosen for further exploration, which induces dependencies…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-05-24 Zhantao Lin , Nancy Flournoy , William F. Rosenberger

The MDL two-part coding $ \textit{index of resolvability} $ provides a finite-sample upper bound on the statistical risk of penalized likelihood estimators over countable models. However, the bound does not apply to unpenalized maximum…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-01 W. D. Brinda , Jason M. Klusowski

Structural equation modeling (SEM) and path analysis have long been central tools for studying complex causal relationships in the social and behavioral sciences, yet their reliance on parametric assumptions can lead to biased inference…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2026-03-10 Junjie Ma , Xiaoya Zhang , Guangye He , Yuting Han , Ting Ge , Feng Ji

Minimizing the Mean Squared Error (MSE) is a key objective in machine learning and is commonly used for imputing missing values. While this approach provides accurate point estimates, it introduces systematic biases in downstream analyses.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-06 Stef van Buuren

Maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) is widely used in sequence to sequence tasks for model training. It uniformly treats the generation/prediction of each target token as multi-class classification, and yields non-smooth prediction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-13 Chengyue Gong , Xu Tan , Di He , Tao Qin

Features in predictive models are not exchangeable, yet common supervised models treat them as such. Here we study ridge regression when the analyst can partition the features into $K$ groups based on external side-information. For example,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-05 Nikolaos Ignatiadis , Panagiotis Lolas

The purpose of this article is to develop a general parametric estimation theory that allows the derivation of the limit distribution of estimators in non-regular models where the true parameter value may lie on the boundary of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-28 Junichiro Yoshida , Nakahiro Yoshida

When it comes to stock returns, any form of predictability can bolster risk-adjusted profitability. We develop a collaborative machine learning algorithm that optimizes portfolio weights so that the resulting synthetic security is maximally…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-04-08 Philippe Goulet Coulombe , Maximilian Goebel

Empirical research typically involves a robustness-efficiency tradeoff. A researcher seeking to estimate a scalar parameter can invoke strong assumptions to motivate a restricted estimator that is precise but may be heavily biased, or they…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-09-17 Timothy B. Armstrong , Patrick Kline , Liyang Sun

Score matching estimators have garnered significant attention in recent years because they eliminate the need to compute normalizing constants, thereby mitigating the computational challenges associated with maximum likelihood estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Haoqun Cao , Yixuan Zhang , Feng Zhou

This paper shows how to shrink extremum estimators towards inequality constraints motivated by economic theory. We propose an Inequality Constrained Shrinkage Estimator (ICSE) which takes the form of a weighted average between the…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-01-30 Edvard Bakhitov

Marginal expected shortfall is unquestionably one of the most popular systemic risk measures. Studying its extreme behaviour is particularly relevant for risk protection against severe global financial market downturns. In this context,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-18 Simone A. Padoan , Stefano Rizzelli , Matteo Schiavone

High-dimensional datasets are frequently subject to contamination by outliers and heavy-tailed noise, which can severely bias standard regularized estimators like the Lasso. While Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) has recently been introduced…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-25 Xiaoning Kang , Lulu Kang

Research in NLP is often supported by experimental results, and improved reporting of such results can lead to better understanding and more reproducible science. In this paper we analyze three statistical estimators for expected validation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Jesse Dodge , Suchin Gururangan , Dallas Card , Roy Schwartz , Noah A. Smith