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Providing timely and personalized feedback to large numbers of students is a long-standing challenge in programming courses. Relying on human teaching assistants (TAs) has been extensively studied, revealing a number of potential…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Paul Denny , Stephen MacNeil , Jaromir Savelka , Leo Porter , Andrew Luxton-Reilly

Feedback is important in supporting student learning. While various automated feedback systems have been implemented to make the feedback scalable, many existing solutions only focus on generating text-based feedback. As is indicated in the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Chloe Qianhui Zhao , Jie Cao , Eason Chen , Kenneth R. Koedinger , Jionghao Lin

Background: Feedback as one of the most influential factors for learning has been subject to a great body of research. It plays a key role in the development of educational technology systems and is traditionally rooted in deterministic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Dominic Lohr , Hieke Keuning , Natalie Kiesler

When programming students encounter errors in their code, compiler messages or static analysis output often provide limited guidance, particularly for novice programmers. Personalized feedback from instructors can be effective but does not…

Current Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based tutoring systems (AI tutors) are primarily evaluated based on the pedagogical quality of their feedback messages. While important, pedagogy alone is insufficient because it ignores a critical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Rose Niousha , Samantha Boatright Smith , Bita Akram , Peter Brusilovsky , Arto Hellas , Juho Leinonen , John DeNero , Narges Norouzi

User feedback is becoming an increasingly important source of information for requirements engineering, user interface design, and software engineering in general. Nowadays, user feedback is largely available and easily accessible in social…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Walid Maalej , Volodymyr Biryuk , Jialiang Wei , Fabian Panse

Providing effective feedback is important for student learning in programming problem-solving. In this sense, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as potential tools to automate feedback generation. However, their reliability and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Priscylla Silva , Evandro Costa

Feedback beyond the grade is an important part of the learning process. However, because of the large student groups, many teachers in higher education are faced with practicalities such as the limited time to prepare and communicate the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Kris Aerts , Wouter Groeneveld

In courses that involve programming assignments, giving meaningful feedback to students is an important challenge. Human beings can give useful feedback by manually grading the programs but this is a time-consuming, labor intensive, and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Joshua Clune , Vijay Ramamurthy , Ruben Martins , Umut A. Acar

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to generate formative feedback and instructional hints in English, making them increasingly relevant for AI-assisted education. However, their ability to provide effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Junior Cedric Tonga , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Kaushal Kumar Maurya , Fajri Koto , Ekaterina Kochmar

Addressing the challenge of generating personalized feedback for programming assignments is demanding due to several factors, like the complexity of code syntax or different ways to correctly solve a task. In this experimental study, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Maciej Pankiewicz , Ryan S. Baker

Programs are a kind of communication to both computers and people, hence as students are trained to write programs they need to learn to write well-designed, readable code rather than code that simply functions correctly. The difficulty in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-11-08 J. Walker Orr

Developing interactive software, such as websites or games, is a particularly engaging way to learn computer science. However, teaching and giving feedback on such software is time-consuming -- standard approaches require instructors to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Evan Zheran Liu , Moritz Stephan , Allen Nie , Chris Piech , Emma Brunskill , Chelsea Finn

End of semester student evaluations of teaching are the dominant mechanism for providing feedback to academics on their teaching practice. For large classes, however, the volume of feedback makes these tools impractical for this purpose.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Mike Zhang , Euan D Lindsay , Frederik Bode Thorbensen , Danny Bøgsted Poulsen , Johannes Bjerva

As generative AI systems are integrated into educational settings, students often encounter AI-generated output while working through learning tasks, either by requesting help or through integrated tools. Trust in AI can influence how…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Griffin Pitts , Neha Rani , Weedguet Mildort

Autograding short textual answers has become much more feasible due to the rise of NLP and the increased availability of question-answer pairs brought about by a shift to online education. Autograding performance is still inferior to human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Johannes Schneider , Robin Richner , Micha Riser

Online Judge (OJ) systems are typically considered within programming-related courses as they yield fast and objective assessments of the code developed by the students. Such an evaluation generally provides a single decision based on a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Juan Ramón Rico-Juan , Víctor M. Sánchez-Cartagena , Jose J. Valero-Mas , Antonio Javier Gallego

We investigate how automated, data-driven, personalized feedback in a large-scale intelligent tutoring system (ITS) improves student learning outcomes. We propose a machine learning approach to generate personalized feedback, which takes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Ekaterina Kochmar , Dung Do Vu , Robert Belfer , Varun Gupta , Iulian Vlad Serban , Joelle Pineau

The use of new technologies in higher education has surprisingly emphasized students' tendency to adopt a passive behavior in class. Participation and interaction of students are essential to improve academic results. This paper describes…

Commonly, introductory programming courses in higher education institutions have hundreds of participating students eager to learn to program. The manual effort for reviewing the submitted source code and for providing feedback can no…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Gerhard Johann Hagerer , Laura Lahesoo , Miriam Anschütz , Stephan Krusche , Georg Groh