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Blockchain offers an innovative approach to storing information, executing transactions, performing functions, and establishing trust in an open environment. Many consider blockchain as a technology breakthrough for cryptography and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Rui Zhang , Rui Xue , Ling Liu

In this paper, we present the first intrinsically secure and semantically universal omnichain interoperability protocol: LayerZero. Utilizing an immutable endpoint, append-only verification modules, and fully-configurable verification…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ryan Zarick , Bryan Pellegrino , Isaac Zhang , Thomas Kim , Caleb Banister

The scalability limitations of public blockchains have hindered their widespread adoption in real-world applications. While the Ethereum community is pushing forward in zk-rollup (zero-knowledge rollup) solutions, such as introducing the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Chengpeng Huang , Rui Song , Shang Gao , Yu Guo , Bin Xiao

Payment channel networks are a highly discussed approach for improving scalability of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. As they allow processing transactions off-chain, payment channel networks are referred to as second layer technology,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Matthias Grundmann , Hannes Hartenstein

The rapid expansion of the use of blockchain-based systems often leads to a choice between customizable private blockchains and more secure, scalable and decentralized but expensive public blockchains. This choice represents the trade-off…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Thomas Lavaur , Jonathan Detchart , Jérôme Lacan , Caroline P. C. Chanel

The suitability of a particular blockchain for a given use case depends mainly on the blockchain's functional and non-functional properties. Such properties may vary over time, and thus, a selected blockchain may become unsuitable for a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-20 Philipp Frauenthaler , Michael Borkowski , Stefan Schulte

Sidechain technology has been envisioned as a promising solution to accelerate today's public blockchains in terms of scalability and interoperability. By relying on the mainchain for security, different sidechains can formulate their own…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Fangyu Gai , Cesar Grajales , Jianyu Niu , Mohammad Mussadiq Jalalzai , Chen Feng

Layer 2 systems have received increasing attention due to their potential to scale the throughput of L1 blockchains. To avoid the cost of putting data on chain, these systems increasingly turn to off-chain data availability solutions such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Ertem Nusret Tas , Dan Boneh

Since the inception of Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies and the underlying blockchain technology have attracted an increasing interest from both academia and industry. Among various core components, consensus protocol is the defining technology…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Yang Xiao , Ning Zhang , Wenjing Lou , Y. Thomas Hou

In a globalized and interconnected world, interoperability has become a key concept for advancing tactical scenarios. Federated Coalition Networks (FCN) enable cooperation between entities from multiple nations while allowing each to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Jorge Álvaro González , Ana María Saiz García , Victor Monzon Baeza

Known for its decentralized and tamper-aware properties, blockchain is attractive to enhance the infrastructure of systems that have been constrained by traditionally centralized and vendor-locked environments. Although blockchain has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Peng Zhang , Douglas C. Schmidt , Jules White

A rollup network is a type of popular "Layer 2" scaling solution for general purpose "Layer 1" blockchains like Ethereum. Rollups networks separate execution of transactions from other aspects like consensus, processing transactions off of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Francisco Gomes Figueira , Martin Derka , Ching Lun Chiu , Jan Gorzny

Bitcoin is the first successful decentralized global digital cash system. Its mining process requires intense computational resources, therefore its usefulness remains a disputable topic. We aim to solve three problems with Bitcoin and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-25 Alexander Chepurnoy , Mario Larangeira , Alexander Ojiganov

Increasing the transactional throughput of decentralized blockchains in a secure manner has been the holy grail of blockchain research for most of the past decade. This paper introduces a scheme for scaling blockchains while retaining…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-27 John Adler , Mikerah Quintyne-Collins

Blockchain technology offers a promising foundation for modernizing E-Voting systems by enhancing transparency, decentralization, and security. Yet, real-world adoption remains limited due to persistent challenges such as scalability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Kiana Kiashemshaki , Elvis Nnaemeka Chukwuani , Mohammad Jalili Torkamani , Negin Mahmoudi

The first generation of blockchain focused on digital currencies and secure storage, management and transfer of tokenized values. Thereafter, the focus has been shifting from currencies to a broader application space. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Andrea Merlina , Roman Vitenberg , Vinay Setty

The Web3 ecosystem is highly fragmented, making seamless integration difficult for over a billion Web2 businesses, enterprises, and AI protocols. As blockchains, rollups, and app-specific chains expand, cross-chain interactions remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Hardik Gajera , Akhil Reddy , Bhagath Reddy

Cryptocurrencies are poised to revolutionize the modern economy by democratizing commerce. These currencies operate on top of blockchain-based distributed ledgers. Existing permissionless blockchain-based protocols offer unparalleled…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Anurag Jain , Sanidhay Arora , Sankarshan Damle , Sujit Gujar

Blockchain has come to provide transparency, reliability as well as to increase the security in computer systems, especially in distributed ones like the Internet of Things (IoT). A few integrations have been proposed in this context so…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Cristian Martín , Iván Alba , Joaquín Trillo , Enrique Soler , Bartolomé Rubio , Manuel Díaz

The convergence of blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) enables secure, decentralised, and verifiable data exchange across distributed smart environments. However, traditional blockchain frameworks suffer from inherent scalability…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hasan Mahmud Rhidoy , Mahdi H. Miraz , Iftekhar Salam