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Despite impressive advancements in Visual-Language Models (VLMs) for multi-modal tasks, their reliance on RGB inputs limits precise spatial understanding. Existing methods for integrating spatial cues, such as point clouds or depth, either…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yang Liu , Ming Ma , Xiaomin Yu , Pengxiang Ding , Han Zhao , Mingyang Sun , Siteng Huang , Donglin Wang

Recently, the flourishing large language models(LLM), especially ChatGPT, have shown exceptional performance in language understanding, reasoning, and interaction, attracting users and researchers from multiple fields and domains. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Haonan Guo , Xin Su , Chen Wu , Bo Du , Liangpei Zhang , Deren Li

A robust Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) for Earth Observation should maintain consistent interpretation and reasoning under realistic input variations. However, current Remote Sensing MLLMs fail to meet this requirement. Trained on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Rui Min , Liang Yao , Shiyu Miao , Shengxiang Xu , Yuxuan Liu , Chuanyi Zhang , Shimin Di , Fan Liu

Vision-language models (VLMs) are emerging as powerful generalist tools for remote sensing, capable of integrating information across diverse tasks and enabling flexible, instruction-based interactions via a chat interface. In this work, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Aysim Toker , Andreea-Maria Oncescu , Roy Miles , Ismail Elezi , Jiankang Deng

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capability while lack explicit mechanisms for visual grounding and segmentation, creating a gap between cognitive reasoning and visual perception. To bridge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yi Lu , Jiawang Cao , Yongliang Wu , Bozheng Li , Licheng Tang , Yangguang Ji , Chong Wu , Jay Wu , Wenbo Zhu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLM) are primarily pre-trained on the RGB modality, thereby limiting their performance on other modalities, such as infrared, depth, and event data, which are crucial for complex scenarios. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiahe Wu , Bing Cao , Qilong Wang , Qinghua Hu , Dongdong Li , Pengfei Zhu

Humans build viewpoint-independent cognitive maps through navigation, enabling intuitive reasoning about object permanence and spatial relations. We argue that multimodal large language models (MLLMs), despite extensive video training, lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jacob Thompson , Emiliano Garcia-Lopez , Yonatan Bisk

Large Vision and Language Models (LVLMs) have shown strong performance across various vision-language tasks in natural image domains. However, their application to remote sensing (RS) remains underexplored due to significant domain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Sungjune Park , Yeongyun Kim , Se Yeon Kim , Yong Man Ro

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced multimodal reasoning but still face challenges in spatial reasoning for 3D scenes and complex object configurations. To address this, we introduce SpatialViLT, an enhanced VLM that integrates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chashi Mahiul Islam , Oteo Mamo , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu , Weikuan Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have recently been extended to the vision-language realm, obtaining impressive general multi-modal capabilities. However, the exploration of multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) for remote sensing (RS) data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Yang Zhan , Zhitong Xiong , Yuan Yuan

The remote sensing image intelligence understanding model is undergoing a new profound paradigm shift which has been promoted by multi-modal large language model (MLLM), i.e. from the paradigm learning a domain model (LaDM) shifts to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Linrui Xu , Ling Zhao , Wang Guo , Qiujun Li , Kewang Long , Kaiqi Zou , Yuhan Wang , Haifeng Li

Large Vision--Language Models (LVLMs) hold great promise for advancing optical remote sensing (RS) analysis, yet existing reasoning segmentation frameworks couple linguistic reasoning and pixel prediction through end-to-end supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Xu Zhang , Junyao Ge , Yang Zheng , Kaitai Guo , Jimin Liang

Visual reasoning, particularly spatial reasoning, is a challenging cognitive task that requires understanding object relationships and their interactions within complex environments, especially in robotics domain. Existing vision_language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Simindokht Jahangard , Mehrzad Mohammadi , Abhinav Dhall , Hamid Rezatofighi

The application of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in remote sensing (RS) has demonstrated significant potential in traditional tasks such as scene classification, object detection, and image captioning. However, current models, which excel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zilun Zhang , Haozhan Shen , Tiancheng Zhao , Bin Chen , Zian Guan , Yuhao Wang , Xu Jia , Yuxiang Cai , Yongheng Shang , Jianwei Yin

Remote Sensing Large Multi-Modal Models (RSLMMs) are developing rapidly and showcase significant capabilities in remote sensing imagery (RSI) comprehension. However, due to the limitations of existing datasets, RSLMMs have shortcomings in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Junwei Luo , Zhen Pang , Yongjun Zhang , Tingzhu Wang , Linlin Wang , Bo Dang , Jiangwei Lao , Jian Wang , Jingdong Chen , Yihua Tan , Yansheng Li

Recent advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly in Large Language Models (LLMs), associated with deep learning-based computer vision techniques, have shown substantial potential for automating a variety of tasks. One…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Lucas Prado Osco , Eduardo Lopes de Lemos , Wesley Nunes Gonçalves , Ana Paula Marques Ramos , José Marcato Junior

Spatial reasoning has emerged as a critical capability for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), drawing increasing attention and rapid advancement. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on single-step perception-to-judgment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Rui Zhu , Xin Shen , Shuchen Wu , Chenxi Miao , Xin Yu , Yang Li , Weikang Li , Deguo Xia , Jizhou Huang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language tasks, but they continue to struggle with spatial understanding. Existing spatial MLLMs often rely on explicit 3D inputs or architecture-specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hunar Batra , Haoqin Tu , Hardy Chen , Yuanze Lin , Cihang Xie , Ronald Clark

The interpretation of multi-temporal remote sensing imagery is critical for monitoring Earth's dynamic processes-yet previous change detection methods, which produce binary or semantic masks, fall short of providing human-readable insights…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Chenyang Liu , Jiafan Zhang , Keyan Chen , Man Wang , Zhengxia Zou , Zhenwei Shi

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in general vision-language tasks. However, recent studies have exposed critical limitations in their spatial reasoning capabilities. This deficiency in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Huanyu Zhang , Chengzu Li , Wenshan Wu , Shaoguang Mao , Yifan Zhang , Haochen Tian , Ivan Vulić , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Tieniu Tan , Furu Wei