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We develop a principled approach to end-to-end learning in stochastic optimization. First, we show that the standard end-to-end learning algorithm admits a Bayesian interpretation and trains a posterior Bayes action map. Building on the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Yves Rychener , Daniel Kuhn , Tobias Sutter

Unlike popular modularized framework, end-to-end autonomous driving seeks to solve the perception, decision and control problems in an integrated way, which can be more adapting to new scenarios and easier to generalize at scale. However,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Jianyu Chen , Shengbo Eben Li , Masayoshi Tomizuka

In this work, we propose the world's first closed-loop ML-based planning benchmark for autonomous driving. While there is a growing body of ML-based motion planners, the lack of established datasets and metrics has limited the progress in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Holger Caesar , Juraj Kabzan , Kok Seang Tan , Whye Kit Fong , Eric Wolff , Alex Lang , Luke Fletcher , Oscar Beijbom , Sammy Omari

As the industry of autonomous driving grows, so does the potential interaction of groups of autonomous cars. Combined with the advancement of Artificial Intelligence and simulation, such groups can be simulated, and safety-critical models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Omar Tanner

End to end learning is machine learning starting in raw data and predicting a desired concept, with all steps done automatically. In software engineering context, we see it as starting from the source code and predicting process metrics.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Idan Amit

F1Tenth is a widely adopted reduced-scale platform for developing and testing autonomous racing algorithms, hosting annual competitions worldwide. With high operating speeds, dynamic environments, and head-to-head interactions, autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Zhijie Qiao , Haowei Li , Zhong Cao , Henry X. Liu

Current End-to-End Autonomous Driving (E2E-AD) methods resort to unifying modular designs for various tasks (e.g. perception, prediction and planning). Although optimized with a fully differentiable framework in a planning-oriented manner,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Haisheng Su , Wei Wu , Zhenjie Yang , Isabel Guan

End-to-end (E2E) training, optimizing the entire model through error backpropagation, fundamentally supports the advancements of deep learning. Despite its high performance, E2E training faces the problems of memory consumption, parallel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Keitaro Sakamoto , Issei Sato

End-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving systems offer a promising alternative to traditional modular pipelines by reducing information loss and error accumulation, with significant potential to enhance both mobility and safety. However, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Ke Guo , Haochen Liu , Xiaojun Wu , Jia Pan , Chen Lv

End-to-end autonomous driving has achieved remarkable progress by integrating perception, prediction, and planning into a fully differentiable framework. Yet, to fully realize its potential, an effective online trajectory evaluation is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Yingyan Li , Yuqi Wang , Yang Liu , Jiawei He , Lue Fan , Zhaoxiang Zhang

End-to-end autonomous driving has witnessed rapid progress, yet existing benchmarks are increasingly saturated, with state-of-the-art models achieving near-perfect scores on widely used open-loop and closed-loop benchmarks. This saturation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhongyu Xia , Guanyu Zhu , Guo Tang , Wenhao Chen , Yongtao Wang

End-to-end trained neural networks (NNs) are a compelling approach to autonomous vehicle control because of their ability to learn complex tasks without manual engineering of rule-based decisions. However, challenging road conditions,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Alexander Amini , Ava Soleimany , Sertac Karaman , Daniela Rus

End-to-end autonomous driving has emerged as a promising paradigm for directly mapping sensor inputs to planning maneuvers using learning-based modular integrations. However, existing imitation learning (IL)-based models suffer from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haochen Liu , Tianyu Li , Haohan Yang , Li Chen , Caojun Wang , Ke Guo , Haochen Tian , Hongchen Li , Hongyang Li , Chen Lv

We address the decision-making capability within an end-to-end planning framework that focuses on motion prediction, decision-making, and trajectory planning. Specifically, we formulate decision-making and trajectory planning as a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Wenru Liu , Yongkang Song , Chengzhen Meng , Zhiyu Huang , Haochen Liu , Chen Lv , Jun Ma

This paper presents a novel solution to automatically count vehicles in a parking lot using images captured by smart cameras. Unlike most of the literature on this task, which focuses on the analysis of single images, this paper proposes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Luca Ciampi , Claudio Gennaro , Fabio Carrara , Fabrizio Falchi , Claudio Vairo , Giuseppe Amato

Safety-critical corner cases, difficult to collect in the real world, are crucial for evaluating end-to-end autonomous driving. Adversarial interaction is an effective method to generate such safety-critical corner cases. While existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiaheng Geng , Jiatong Du , Xinyu Zhang , Ye Li , Panqu Wang , Yanjun Huang

Autonomous driving has become one of the most popular research topics within Artificial Intelligence. An autonomous vehicle is understood as a system that combines perception, decision-making, planning, and control. All of those tasks…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Mariana Pinto , Inês Dutra , Joaquim Fonseca

The inherent sequential modeling capabilities of autoregressive models make them a formidable baseline for end-to-end planning in autonomous driving. Nevertheless, their performance is constrained by a spatio-temporal misalignment, as the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jianbo Zhao , Taiyu Ban , Xiangjie Li , Xingtai Gui , Hangning Zhou , Lei Liu , Hongwei Zhao , Bin Li

As urban populations continue to grow, cities face numerous challenges in managing parking and determining occupancy. This issue is particularly pronounced in university campuses, where students need to find vacant parking spots quickly and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Madyan Bagosher , Tala Mustafa , Mohammad Alsmirat , Amal Al-Ali , Isam Mashhour Al Jawarneh

End-to-end (E2E) models in autonomous driving aim to directly map sensor inputs to control commands, but their ability to generalize to novel and complex scenarios remains a key challenge. The common practice of fully fine-tuning the vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zeyu Dong , Yimin Zhu , Yu Wu , Yu Sun