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We describe an explainable AI saliency map method for use with deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) that is much more efficient than popular fine-resolution gradient methods. It is also quantitatively similar or better in accuracy. Our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-11 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Barry Y. Chen , Gerald Friedland

Visualizing the features captured by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is one of the conventional approaches to interpret the predictions made by these models in numerous image recognition applications. Grad-CAM is a popular solution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Sam Sattarzadeh , Mahesh Sudhakar , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Jongseong Jang , Yeonjeong Jeong , Hyunwoo Kim

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are known for their ability to learn hierarchical structures, naturally developing detectors for objects, and semantic concepts within their deeper layers. Activation maps (AMs) reveal these saliency…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Aray Karjauv , Sahin Albayrak

Interpreting the decisions of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is essential for understanding their behavior, yet explainability remains a significant challenge, particularly for self-supervised models. Most existing methods for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Aymene Mohammed Bouayed , Samuel Deslauriers-Gauthier , Adrian Iaccovelli , David Naccache

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved significant success in various synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tasks. However, the complexity and opacity of their internal mechanisms hinder the fulfillment of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Siyuan Sun , Yongping Zhang , Hongcheng Zeng , Yamin Wang , Wei Yang , Wanting Yang , Jie Chen

Deep neural networks are ubiquitous due to the ease of developing models and their influence on other domains. At the heart of this progress is convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are capable of learning representations or features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Mohammed Bany Muhammad , Mohammed Yeasin

Backpropagation image saliency aims at explaining model predictions by estimating model-centric importance of individual pixels in the input. However, class-insensitivity of the earlier layers in a network only allows saliency computation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Mohammad A. A. K. Jalwana , Naveed Akhtar , Mohammed Bennamoun , Ajmal Mian

In recent years, artificial intelligence is increasingly being applied widely in many different fields and has a profound and direct impact on human life. Following this is the need to understand the principles of the model making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Quoc Hung Cao , Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen , Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen , Xuan Phong Nguyen

Deep learning opacity often impedes deployment in high-stakes domains. We propose a training framework that aligns model focus with class-representative features without requiring pixel-level annotations. To this end, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Giacomo Ignesti , Davide Moroni , Massimo Martinelli

Interpreting the decision-making process of deep convolutional neural networks remains a central challenge in achieving trustworthy and transparent artificial intelligence. Explainable AI (XAI) techniques, particularly Class Activation Map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Hajar Dekdegue , Moncef Garouani , Josiane Mothe , Jordan Bernigaud

In recent years, several Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WS3) methods have been proposed that use class activation maps (CAMs) generated by a classifier to produce pseudo-ground truths for training segmentation models. While CAMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-23 M. Maruf , Arka Daw , Amartya Dutta , Jie Bu , Anuj Karpatne

Quantum machine learning (QML) has recently made significant advancements in various topics. Despite the successes, the safety and interpretability of QML applications have not been thoroughly investigated. This work proposes using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Hsin-Yi Lin , Huan-Hsin Tseng , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen , Shinjae Yoo

Convolutional neural networks have become state-of-the-art in a wide range of image recognition tasks. The interpretation of their predictions, however, is an active area of research. Whereas various interpretation methods have been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Kira Vinogradova , Alexandr Dibrov , Gene Myers

Extracting class activation maps (CAM) is arguably the most standard step of generating pseudo masks for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS). Yet, we find that the crux of the unsatisfactory pseudo masks is the binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Zhaozheng Chen , Tan Wang , Xiongwei Wu , Xian-Sheng Hua , Hanwang Zhang , Qianru Sun

Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the network makes specific decisions. In this paper, we develop a novel post-hoc visual explanation method called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Haofan Wang , Zifan Wang , Mengnan Du , Fan Yang , Zijian Zhang , Sirui Ding , Piotr Mardziel , Xia Hu

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have recently gained much attention for weakly-supervised object localization (WSOL) tasks. They allow for CNN visualization and interpretation without training on fully annotated image datasets. CAM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Soufiane Belharbi , Aydin Sarraf , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

A main issue preventing the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in end user applications is the low level of transparency in the decision process. Previous work on CNN interpretability has mostly focused either on localizing the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Diego Marcos , Sylvain Lobry , Devis Tuia

Nowadays, deep neural networks for object detection in images are very prevalent. However, due to the complexity of these networks, users find it hard to understand why these objects are detected by models. We proposed Gaussian Class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Quoc Khanh Nguyen , Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen , Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen , Van Binh Truong , Quoc Hung Cao

Researchers have proposed various methods for visually interpreting the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) via saliency maps, which include Class-Activation-Map (CAM) based approaches as a leading family. However, in terms of the internal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Xiwei Xuan , Ziquan Deng , Hsuan-Tien Lin , Zhaodan Kong , Kwan-Liu Ma

Instead of using current deep-learning segmentation models (like the UNet and variants), we approach the segmentation problem using trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifiers, which automatically extract important features from…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-31 Shuyue Guan , Murray Loew