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To harness the potential of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, it is paramount to find the best type of circuits to run hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. Key candidates are parametrized quantum circuits that can be effectively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-28 Tobias Haug , Kishor Bharti , M. S. Kim

Information scrambling, the process by which quantum information spreads and becomes effectively inaccessible, is central to modern quantum statistical physics and quantum chaos. These lecture notes provide an introduction to information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-19 Marcin Płodzień

Random circuit sampling (RCS) is a leading approach to demonstrate quantum advantage, with its believed classical hardness rooted in anticoncentration of output distributions and average-case hardness of probability estimation. Here we show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Bingzhi Zhang , Quntao Zhuang

We prove new lower bounds on the growth of robust quantum circuit complexity -- the minimal number of gates $C_{\delta}(U)$ to approximate a unitary $U$ up to an error of $\delta$ in operator norm distance. More precisely we show two bounds…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-05 Jonas Haferkamp

Haar random states are fundamental objects in quantum information theory and quantum computing. We study the density matrix resulting from sampling $t$ copies of a $d$-dimensional quantum state according to the Haar measure on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Tristan Nemoz , Romain Alléaume , Peter Brown

Unitary Designs have become a vital tool for investigating pseudorandomness since they approximate the statistics of the uniform Haar ensemble. Despite their central role in quantum information, their relation to quantum chaotic evolution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Michele Fava , Jorge Kurchan , Silvia Pappalardi

We explore the effectiveness of variational quantum circuits in simulating the ground states of quantum many-body Hamiltonians. We show that generic high-depth circuits, performing a sequence of layer unitaries of the same form, can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Joonho Kim , Jaedeok Kim , Dario Rosa

The design of efficient quantum circuits is an important issue in quantum computing. It is in general a formidable task to find a highly optimized quantum circuit for a given unitary matrix. We propose a quantum circuit design method that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Andreas Klappenecker , Martin Roetteler

Modeling non-Hermitian Hamiltonians is increasingly important in classical and quantum domains, especially when studying open systems, $PT$ symmetry, and resonances. However, the quantum simulation of these models has been limited by the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-20 Anastashia Jebraeilli , Michael R. Geller

Standard randomized benchmarking protocols entail sampling from a unitary 2 design, which is not always practical. In this article we examine randomized benchmarking protocols based on subgroups of the Clifford group that are not unitary 2…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-20 Winton G. Brown , Bryan Eastin

Unitary designs are essential tools in several quantum information protocols. Similarly to other design concepts, unitary designs are mainly used to facilitate averaging over a relevant space, in this case, the unitary group…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Ágoston Kaposi , Zoltán Kolarovszki , Adrián Solymos , Zoltán Zimborás

We construct random walks on simple Lie groups that quickly converge to the Haar measure for all moments up to order $t$. Specifically, a step of the walk on the unitary or orthognoal group of dimension $2^{\mathsf n}$ is a random Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-03 Jeongwan Haah , Yunchao Liu , Xinyu Tan

We show that noiseless random quantum circuits pass the linear cross-entropy benchmark (LXEB) test with high probability. If the circuits are linear depth, and thus form unitary 4-designs, the LXEB test is passed with probability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Nicholas Hunter-Jones , Jonas Haferkamp

In this work, drawing inspiration from the type of noise present in real hardware, we study the output distribution of random quantum circuits under practical non-unital noise sources with constant noise rates. We show that even in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-30 Bill Fefferman , Soumik Ghosh , Michael Gullans , Kohdai Kuroiwa , Kunal Sharma

Gluing theorem for random unitaries [Schuster, Haferkamp, Huang, QIP 2025] have found numerous applications, including designing low depth random unitaries [Schuster, Haferkamp, Huang, QIP 2025], random unitaries in ${\sf QAC0}$ [Foxman,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Prabhanjan Ananth , John Bostanci , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

It is well known that artificial neural networks initialized from independent and identically distributed priors converge to Gaussian processes in the limit of a large number of neurons per hidden layer. In this work we prove an analogous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Diego García-Martín , Martin Larocca , M. Cerezo

Recent years have enjoyed a strong interest in exploring properties and applications of random quantum circuits. In this work, we explore the ensemble of $t$-doped Clifford circuits on $n$ qubits, consisting of Clifford circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Lorenzo Leone , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero , Alioscia Hamma , Jens Eisert , Lennart Bittel

A critical step in developing circuits for quantum simulation is to synthesize a desired unitary operator using the circuit building blocks. Studying unitaries and their generators from the Lie algebraic perspective has given rise to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Omar Alsheikh , Efekan Kökcü , Bojko N. Bakalov , A. F. Kemper

Quantum circuits with local unitaries have emerged as a rich playground for the exploration of many-body quantum dynamics of discrete-time systems. While the intrinsic locality makes them particularly suited to run on current quantum…

We study the problem of efficiently learning an unknown $n$-qubit unitary channel in diamond distance given query access. We present a general framework showing that if Pauli operators remain low-complexity under conjugation by a unitary,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Sabee Grewal , Daniel Liang