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Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a prevalent approach to align AI systems with human values by learning rewards from human preference data. Due to various reasons, however, such data typically takes the form of rankings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Ilgee Hong , Zichong Li , Alexander Bukharin , Yixiao Li , Haoming Jiang , Tianbao Yang , Tuo Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great success as high-level planners for zero-shot game-playing agents. However, these agents are primarily evaluated on Minecraft, where long-term planning is relatively straightforward. In contrast,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Dominik Jeurissen , Diego Perez-Liebana , Jeremy Gow , Duygu Cakmak , James Kwan

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as a key enabling technology for aligning AI behaviour with human preferences. The traditional way to collect data in RLHF is via pairwise comparisons: human raters are asked to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Jan Kompatscher , Danqing Shi , Giovanna Varni , Tino Weinkauf , Antti Oulasvirta

In 2019, Google DeepMind released MuZero, a model-based reinforcement learning method that achieves strong results in perfect-information games by combining learned dynamics models with Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). However, comparatively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Adam Haile

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in formal learning tasks such as mathematics and code generation, they still struggle with the "practical wisdom" and generalizable intelligence, such as strategic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Nuoyan Lyu , Bingbing Xu , Weihao Meng , Yige Yuan , Yang Zhang , Zhiyong Huang , Tat-Seng Chua , Huawei Shen

As AI systems grow more capable and autonomous, ensuring their safety and reliability requires not only model-level alignment but also strategic oversight of the humans and institutions involved in their development and deployment. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Cheol Woo Kim , Davin Choo , Tzeh Yuan Neoh , Milind Tambe

The success of AlphaZero (AZ) has demonstrated that neural-network-based Go AIs can surpass human performance by a large margin. Given that the state space of Go is extremely large and a human player can play the game from any legal state,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Li-Cheng Lan , Huan Zhang , Ti-Rong Wu , Meng-Yu Tsai , I-Chen Wu , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as the standard paradigm for aligning large language models with human preferences. However, reward-based methods grounded in the Bradley-Terry assumption struggle to capture the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Fang Wu , Xu Huang , Weihao Xuan , Zhiwei Zhang , Yijia Xiao , Guancheng Wan , Xiaomin Li , Bing Hu , Peng Xia , Jure Leskovec , Yejin Choi

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a promising approach for improving the complex reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, current RLVR methods face two significant challenges: the near-miss reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Kaiyi Zhang , Ang Lv , Jinpeng Li , Yongbo Wang , Feng Wang , Haoyuan Hu , Rui Yan

We study the problem of learning goal-conditioned policies in Minecraft, a popular, widely accessible yet challenging open-ended environment for developing human-level multi-task agents. We first identify two main challenges of learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Shaofei Cai , Zihao Wang , Xiaojian Ma , Anji Liu , Yitao Liang

Game development is a complex task involving multiple disciplines and technologies. Developers and researchers alike have suggested that AI-driven game design assistants may improve developer workflow. We present a recommender system for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Tiago Machado , Daniel Gopstein , Oded Nov , Angela Wang , Andy Nealen , Julian Togelius

Simultaneous AlphaZero extends the AlphaZero framework to multistep, two-player zero-sum deterministic Markov games with simultaneous actions. At each decision point, joint action selection is resolved via matrix games whose payoffs…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Tyler Becker , Zachary Sunberg

Rehabilitation robotics combined with video game technology provides a means of assisting in the rehabilitation of patients with neuromuscular disorders by performing various facilitation movements. The current work presents ReHabGame, a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Shabnam Sadeghi Esfahlani , Silvia Cirstea , Alireza Sanaei , George Wilson

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has been highly successful in aligning large language models with human preferences. While prevalent methods like DPO have demonstrated strong performance, they frame interactions with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yongtao Wu , Luca Viano , Yihang Chen , Zhenyu Zhu , Kimon Antonakopoulos , Quanquan Gu , Volkan Cevher

This paper presents MiniZero, a zero-knowledge learning framework that supports four state-of-the-art algorithms, including AlphaZero, MuZero, Gumbel AlphaZero, and Gumbel MuZero. While these algorithms have demonstrated super-human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Ti-Rong Wu , Hung Guei , Pei-Chiun Peng , Po-Wei Huang , Ting Han Wei , Chung-Chin Shih , Yun-Jui Tsai

The standard Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) framework primarily focuses on optimizing the performance of large language models using pre-collected prompts. However, collecting prompts that provide comprehensive coverage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Rui Zheng , Hongyi Guo , Zhihan Liu , Xiaoying Zhang , Yuanshun Yao , Xiaojun Xu , Zhaoran Wang , Zhiheng Xi , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Hang Li , Yang Liu

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a variant of reinforcement learning (RL) that learns from human feedback instead of relying on an engineered reward function. Building on prior work on the related setting of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Timo Kaufmann , Paul Weng , Viktor Bengs , Eyke Hüllermeier

This paper critically evaluates the attempts to align Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, especially Large Language Models (LLMs), with human values and intentions through Reinforcement Learning from Feedback (RLxF) methods, involving…

Text-based games are a natural challenge domain for deep reinforcement learning algorithms. Their state and action spaces are combinatorially large, their reward function is sparse, and they are partially observable: the agent is informed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Vishal Jain , William Fedus , Hugo Larochelle , Doina Precup , Marc G. Bellemare

Large language models (LLMs) have enabled rapid progress in automatic heuristic discovery (AHD), yet most existing methods are predominantly limited by static evaluation against fixed instance distributions, leading to potential overfitting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xinyi Ke , Kai Li , Junliang Xing , Yifan Zhang , Jian Cheng