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The O-RAN Alliance promotes the integration of intelligent autonomous agents to control the Radio Access Network (RAN). This improves flexibility, performance, and observability in the RAN, but introduces new challenges, such as the…

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is considered as a major step in the evolution of next-generation cellular networks given its support for open interfaces and utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) into the deployment, operation, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Naveen Naik Sapavath , Brian Kim , Kaushik Chowdhury , Vijay K Shah

The transition toward softwarized Radio Access Networks (RANs), driven by the Open RAN (O-RAN) paradigm, enables flexible, vendor-neutral deployments through disaggregation and virtualization of base station functions. However, this shift…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Francisco Crespo , Javier Villegas , Carlos Baena , Eduardo Baena , Sergio Fortes , Raquel Barco

Openness and programmability in the O-RAN architecture enable closed-loop control of the Radio Access Network (RAN). Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven xApps, in the near-real-time RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), can learn from network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Angelo Feraudo , Stefano Maxenti , Andrea Lacava , Leonardo Bonati , Paolo Bellavista , Michele Polese , Tommaso Melodia

RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) are programmable platforms that enable data-driven closed-loop control in the O-RAN architecture. They collect telemetry and data from the RAN, process it in custom applications, and enforce control or new…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Angelo Feraudo , Stefano Maxenti , Andrea Lacava , Paolo Bellavista , Michele Polese , Tommaso Melodia

Traditional RAN systems are closed and monolithic, stifling innovation. The openness and programmability enabled by Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) are envisioned to revolutionize cellular networks with control-plane applications--xApps.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xin Li , Shiming Yu , Leming Shen , Jianing Zhang , Yuanqing Zheng , Yaxiong Xie

Open Radio Access Networks (RAN) offer diverse economic opportunities. A transition to a flexible, modular approach within the disaggregated RAN framework is crucial, involving careful planning of RAN architecture and the deployment of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Marcin Hoffmann , Salim Janji , Adam Samorzewski , Lukasz Kulacz , Cezary Adamczyk , Marcin Dryjański , Pawel Kryszkiewicz , Adrian Kliks , Hanna Bogucka

The impending adoption of Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is fueling innovation in the RAN towards data-driven operation. Unlike traditional RAN where the RAN data and its usage is restricted within proprietary and monolithic RAN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Pranshav Gajjar , Molham Khoja , Abiodun Ganiyu , Marc Juarez , Mahesh K. Marina , Andrew Lehane , Vijay K. Shah

In Open Radio Access Networks, the Conflict Mitigation component, which is part of the Near-RT RIC, aims to detect and resolve any conflicts between xApp decisions. In this paper, we propose a universal method for detecting and resolving of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Cezary Adamczyk , Adrian Kliks

The integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) enhances communication in disaster management and Search and Rescue (SAR) operations by ensuring connectivity when infrastructure fails. However, SAR…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zaineh Abughazzah , Emna Baccour , Loay Ismail , Amr Mohamed , Mounir Hamdi

The open radio access network (O-RAN) architecture introduces RAN intelligent controllers (RICs) to facilitate the management and optimization of the disaggregated RAN. Reinforcement learning (RL) and its advanced form, deep RL (DRL), are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Mohammadreza Kouchaki , Aly Sabri Abdalla , Vuk Marojevic

In mobile networks, Open Radio Access Network (ORAN) provides a framework for implementing network slicing that interacts with the resources at the lower layers. Both monitoring and Radio Access Network (RAN) control is feasible for both 4G…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Andreas Casparsen , Beatriz Soret , Jimmy Jessen Nielsen , Petar Popovski

Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) are emerging as a disruptive technology, revolutionising traditional mobile network architecture and deployments in the current 5G and the upcoming 6G era. Disaggregation of network architecture, inherent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Thusitha Dayaratne , Viet Vo , Shangqi Lai , Sharif Abuadbba , Blake Haydon , Hajime Suzuki , Xingliang Yuan , Carsten Rudolph

Open Radio Access Networks (RANs) leverage disaggregated and programmable RAN functions and open interfaces to enable closed-loop, data-driven radio resource management. This is performed through custom intelligent applications on the RAN…

The open radio access network (O-RAN) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) hosts data-driven xApps and rApps to optimize network performance. However, two challenges hinder ML-driven xApp/rApp development: (i) key performance metric (KPM) data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Md Sharif Hossen , Zifan Zhang , Dara Ron , Yuchen Liu , Vijay K. Shah

As Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) continue to expand, AI-driven applications (xApps) are increasingly being deployed enhance network management. However, developing xApps without formal verification risks introducing logical…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Roberto Metere , Kangfeng Ye , Yue Gu , Zhi Zhang , Dalal Alrajeh , Michele Sevegnani , Poonam Yadav

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) along with artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud and edge networking, and virtualization are important enablers for designing flexible and software-driven programmable wireless networks. In…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Ali Fuat Sahin , Onur Salan , Ibrahim Hokelek , Ali Gorcin

Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) are transforming telecommunications by shifting from centralized to distributed architectures, promoting flexibility, interoperability, and innovation through open interfaces and multi-vendor environments.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Zaineh Abughazzah , Emna Baccour , Ahmed Refaey , Amr Mohamed , Mounir Hamdi

Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) promise flexible 6G network access through disaggregated, software-driven components and open interfaces, but this programmability also increases operational complexity. Multiple control loops coexist…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Hojjat Navidan , Mohammad Cheraghinia , Jaron Fontaine , Mohamed Seif , Eli De Poorter , H. Vincent Poor , Ingrid Moerman , Adnan Shahid

The recent O-RAN specifications promote the evolution of RAN architecture by function disaggregation, adoption of open interfaces, and instantiation of a hierarchical closed-loop control architecture managed by RAN Intelligent Controllers…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Bouziane Brik , Hatim Chergui , Lanfranco Zanzi , Francesco Devoti , Adlen Ksentini , Muhammad Shuaib Siddiqui , Xavier Costa-Pérez , Christos Verikoukis