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Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization has become increasingly popular and important in fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), especially on edge devices due to its ability to adjust the model to local data without the need for memory-intensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jiahe Chen , Ziye Ma

Muon updates matrix parameters via the matrix sign of the gradient and has shown strong empirical gains, yet its dynamics and scaling behavior remain unclear in theory. We study Muon in a linear associative memory model with softmax…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Binghui Li , Kaifei Wang , Han Zhong , Pinyan Lu , Liwei Wang

The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly constrained by memory and deployment costs, motivating compression methods for practical deployment. Many state-of-the-art compression pipelines leverage the low-rank…

Muon has emerged as a promising optimizer for large-scale foundation model pre-training by exploiting the matrix structure of neural network updates through iterative orthogonalization. However, its practical efficiency is limited by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Ziyue Liu , Ruijie Zhang , Zhengyang Wang , Yequan Zhao , Yupeng Su , Zi Yang , Zheng Zhang

We present a data-adaptive method for parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large neural networks. Standard low-rank adaptation methods improve efficiency by restricting each layer update to a fixed low-rank form, but this static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Omatharv Bharat Vaidya , Connor T. Jerzak , Nhat Ho , Chandrajit Bajaj

Muon has recently emerged as a strong alternative to AdamW for training neural networks, with encouraging large-scale pretraining results and growing evidence that matrix-structured updates can be faster in practice. Yet Muon, and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Abdurakhmon Sadiev , Artavazd Maranjyan , Ivan Ilin , Peter Richtárik

In this work, we study optimization methods that leverage the linear minimization oracle (LMO) over a norm-ball. We propose a new stochastic family of algorithms that uses the LMO to adapt to the geometry of the problem and, perhaps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Thomas Pethick , Wanyun Xie , Kimon Antonakopoulos , Zhenyu Zhu , Antonio Silveti-Falls , Volkan Cevher

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve competitive performance across diverse natural language processing (NLP) tasks, yet pretraining is computationally demanding, making optimizer efficiency an important practical consideration. Muon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jingru Li , Yibo Fan , Huan Li

Recent work has suggested that the generalisation performance of a DNN is related to the extent to which the Signal-to-Noise Ratio is optimised at each of the nodes. In contrast, Gradient Descent methods do not always lead to SNR-optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Paul Norridge

Matrix-structured parameters frequently appear in many artificial intelligence models such as large language models. More recently, an efficient Muon optimizer is designed for matrix parameters of large-scale models, and shows markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Feihu Huang , Yuning Luo , Songcan Chen

The Muon optimizer has recently offered a promising alternative to AdamW for large language model training, leveraging matrix orthogonalization to produce geometry-aware updates. However, like all first-order methods, Muon can become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Jiacheng Li , Jianchao Tan , Hongtao Xu , Jiaqi Zhang , Yifan Lu , Yerui Sun , Yuchen Xie , Xunliang Cai

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods have become the standard paradigm for adapting large-scale models. Among these techniques, Weight-Decomposed Low-Rank Adaptation (DoRA) has been shown to improve both the learning capacity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Nghiem T. Diep , Hien Dang , Tuan Truong , Tan Dinh , Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho

In large-scale optimization, the cheapness and effectiveness of update steps are the most crucial factors for a successful optimizer. Sign-based optimizers like Lion or Signum produce cheap per-step updates, whereas Muon's spectral…

Adaptive optimizers such as Adam have achieved great success in training large-scale models like large language models and diffusion models. However, they often generalize worse than non-adaptive methods, such as SGD on classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yiheng Zhang , Shaowu Wu , Yuanzhuo Xu , Jiajun Wu , Shang Xu , Steve Drew , Xiaoguang Niu

Muon is a recently proposed optimizer that enforces orthogonality in parameter updates by projecting gradients onto the Stiefel manifold, leading to stable and efficient training in large-scale deep neural networks. Meanwhile, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Hideaki Iiduka

In data-parallel synchronous training of deep neural networks, different devices (replicas) run the same program with different partitions of the training batch, but weight update computation is repeated on all replicas, because the weights…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Yuanzhong Xu , HyoukJoong Lee , Dehao Chen , Hongjun Choi , Blake Hechtman , Shibo Wang

An increasing number of artificial intelligence (AI) applications involve the execution of deep neural networks (DNNs) on edge devices. Many practical reasons motivate the need to update the DNN model on the edge device post-deployment,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Bo Chen , Ali Bakhshi , Gustavo Batista , Brian Ng , Tat-Jun Chin

We consider solving distributed consensus optimization problems over multi-agent networks. Current distributed methods fail to capture the heterogeneity among agents' local computation capacities. We propose DISH as a distributed hybrid…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-03 Xiaochun Niu , Ermin Wei

Training large models with distributed data parallelism (DDP) requires frequent communication of gradients across workers, which can saturate bandwidth. Infrequent communication strategies (e.g., Local SGD) reduce this overhead but, when…

In many distributed learning problems, the heterogeneous loading of computing machines may harm the overall performance of synchronous strategies. In this paper, we propose an effective asynchronous distributed framework for the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-23 Bikash Joshi , Franck Iutzeler , Massih-Reza Amini