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The main challenges hindering the adoption of deep learning-based systems in clinical settings are the scarcity of annotated data and the lack of interpretability and trust in these systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Cristiano Patrício , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Interpreting the decisions of deep image classifiers remains challenging, particularly in black-box settings where model internals are inaccessible. We introduce OCCAM, a framework for open-set causal concept explanation and ontology…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chiara Maria Russo , Simone Carnemolla , Simone Palazzo , Daniela Giordano , Concetto Spampinato , Matteo Pennisi

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are pivotal for real-world AI tasks like embodied intelligence due to their strong vision-language reasoning abilities. However, current LVLMs process entire images at the token level, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Run Luo , Renke Shan , Longze Chen , Ziqiang Liu , Lu Wang , Min Yang , Xiaobo Xia

The main challenges limiting the adoption of deep learning-based solutions in medical workflows are the availability of annotated data and the lack of interpretability of such systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) tackle the latter by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Cristiano Patrício , Isabel Rio-Torto , Jaime S. Cardoso , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have been proposed as a compromise between white-box and black-box models, aiming to achieve interpretability without sacrificing accuracy. The standard training procedure for CBMs is to predefine a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Jean Feng , Avni Kothari , Luke Zier , Chandan Singh , Yan Shuo Tan

The focus of recent research has shifted from merely improving the metrics based performance of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to DNNs which are more interpretable to humans. The field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has observed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Avani Gupta , P J Narayanan

Interpretability is a crucial factor in building reliable models for various medical applications. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enable interpretable image classification by utilizing human-understandable concepts as intermediate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Injae Kim , Jongha Kim , Joonmyung Choi , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to deliver interpretable predictions by routing decisions through a human-understandable concept layer, yet they often suffer reduced accuracy and concept leakage that undermines faithfulness. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Karim Galliamov , Syed M Ahsan Kazmi , Adil Khan , Adín Ramírez Rivera

Interpretable models are designed to make decisions in a human-interpretable manner. Representatively, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) follow a two-step process of concept prediction and class prediction based on the predicted concepts. CBM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Eunji Kim , Dahuin Jung , Sangha Park , Siwon Kim , Sungroh Yoon

Although saliency maps can highlight important regions to explain the reasoning behind image classification in artificial intelligence (AI), the meaning of these regions is left to the user's interpretation. In contrast, conceptbased…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Michihiro Kuroki , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Interpretable deep learning aims at developing neural architectures whose decision-making processes could be understood by their users. Among these techniqes, Concept Bottleneck Models enhance the interpretability of neural networks by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Gabriele Dominici , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Martin Gjoreski , Marc Langhenirich

Deep learning has become the de facto standard and dominant paradigm in image analysis tasks, achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, this approach often results in "black-box" models, whose decision-making processes are difficult…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Nguyen Van Tu , Pham Nguyen Hai Long , Vo Hoai Viet

Concept-based models are an emerging paradigm in deep learning that constrains the inference process to operate through human-interpretable variables, facilitating explainability and human interaction. However, these architectures, on par…

Recent advances in causal interpretability have extended from language models to vision-language models (VLMs), seeking to reveal their internal mechanisms through input interventions. While textual interventions often target semantics,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Qidong Wang , Junjie Hu , Ming Jiang

Conceptual modeling (CM) applies abstraction to reduce the complexity of a system under study (e.g., an excerpt of reality). As a result of the conceptual modeling process a human interpretable, formalized representation (i.e., a conceptual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Dominik Bork

Successful group meetings, such as those implemented in group behavioral-change programs, work meetings, and other social contexts, must promote individual goal setting and execution while strengthening the social relationships within the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xinyu Zhao , Zhen Tan , Maya Enisman , Minjae Seo , Marta R. Durantini , Dolores Albarracin , Tianlong Chen

Inner interpretability is a promising field aiming to uncover the internal mechanisms of AI systems through scalable, automated methods. While significant research has been conducted on large language models, limited attention has been paid…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jinyung Hong , Yearim Kim , Keun Hee Park , Sangyu Han , Nojun Kwak , Theodore P. Pavlic

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) introduce interpretability to black-box deep learning models by predicting labels through human-understandable concepts. However, unlike humans, who identify objects at different levels of abstraction using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Haodong Xie , Yujun Cai , Rahul Singh Maharjan , Yiwei Wang , Federico Tavella , Angelo Cangelosi

This paper introduces the Contextual Evaluation Model (CEM), a novel method for knowledge representation and manipulation. The CEM differs from existing models in that it integrates facts, patterns and sequences into a single contextual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Victor E Hansen

The widespread adoption of deep learning models in computer vision has intensified concerns about interpretability. Despite strong performance, these models are often treated as black boxes, with limited systematic investigation of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Konstantinos P. Panousis , Diego Marcos
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