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The objective of this paper is to present a meta-corpus of diplomatic documents entitled Cartae Europae Medii Aevi or CEMA. It shows the logic and limits of this meta-corpus, which contains 250,000 documents, by specifying both its…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Nicolas Perreaux

Unilateral contracts, such as terms of service, play a substantial role in modern digital life. However, few users read these documents before accepting the terms within, as they are too long and the language too complicated. We propose the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Laura Manor , Junyi Jessy Li

The advent of Large Language Models has revolutionized tasks across domains, including the automation of legal document analysis, a critical component of modern contract management systems. This paper presents a comprehensive implementation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-23 Cuize Han , Sesh Jalagam

In this position paper, we consider some foundational topics regarding smart contracts (such as terminology, automation, enforceability, and semantics) and define a smart contract as an automatable and enforceable agreement. We explore a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-03-16 Christopher D. Clack , Vikram A. Bakshi , Lee Braine

Smart contracts codify real-world transactions and automatically execute the terms of the contract when predefined conditions are met. This paper proposes SmartML, a modeling language for smart contracts that is platform independent and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Adele Veschetti , Richard Bubel , Reiner Hähnle

Legal documents are unstructured, use legal jargon, and have considerable length, making them difficult to process automatically via conventional text processing techniques. A legal document processing system would benefit substantially if…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Vijit Malik , Rishabh Sanjay , Shouvik Kumar Guha , Angshuman Hazarika , Shubham Nigam , Arnab Bhattacharya , Ashutosh Modi

Data contracts formalize agreements between data producers and consumers regarding schema, semantics, and quality expectations. As data pipelines grow in complexity, manual authoring and maintenance of contracts becomes error-prone and…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Harshraj Bhoite

We present the first study of the Public Register of Licensed Persons and Registered Institutions maintained by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) through the lens of complex network analysis. This dataset, spanning 21…

Applications · Statistics 2024-10-11 Abdulla AlKetbi , Gautier Marti , Khaled AlNuaimi , Raed Jaradat , Andreas Henschel

The rapid integration of large language models (LLMs) into high-stakes legal work has exposed a critical gap: no benchmark exists to systematically stress-test their reliability against the nuanced, adversarial, and often subtle flaws…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Manan Roy Choudhury , Adithya Chandramouli , Mannan Anand , Vivek Gupta

Materials science literature contains millions of materials synthesis procedures described in unstructured natural language text. Large-scale analysis of these synthesis procedures would facilitate deeper scientific understanding of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Sheshera Mysore , Zach Jensen , Edward Kim , Kevin Huang , Haw-Shiuan Chang , Emma Strubell , Jeffrey Flanigan , Andrew McCallum , Elsa Olivetti

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are assemblies of networked, heterogeneous, hardware, and software components sensing, evaluating, and actuating a physical environment. This heterogeneity induces complexity that makes CPSs challenging to model…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Stéphane Kastenbaum , Benoît Boyer , Jean-Pierre Talpin

The creation of systematic literature reviews (SLR) is critical for analyzing the landscape of a research field and guiding future research directions. However, retrieving and filtering the literature corpus for an SLR is highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Lucas Joos , Daniel A. Keim , Maximilian T. Fischer

We study automatic Contract Clause Extraction (CCE) by modeling implicit relations in legal contracts. Existing CCE methods mostly treat contracts as plain text, creating a substantial barrier to understanding contracts of high complexity.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Weiwen Xu , Yang Deng , Wenqiang Lei , Wenlong Zhao , Tat-Seng Chua , Wai Lam

Over the past few decades, the amount of scientific articles and technical literature has increased exponentially in size. Consequently, there is a great need for systems that can ingest these documents at scale and make the contained…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Peter W J Staar , Michele Dolfi , Christoph Auer , Costas Bekas

Contract review is a complex and time-intensive task that typically demands specialized legal expertise, rendering it largely inaccessible to non-experts. Moreover, legal interpretation is rarely straightforward-ambiguity is pervasive, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Petros Raptopoulos , Giorgos Filandrianos , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Stamou

As blockchain technology and smart contracts become widely adopted, securing them throughout every stage of the transaction process is essential. The concern of improved security for smart contracts is to find and detect vulnerabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 S M Mostaq Hossain , Amani Altarawneh , Jesse Roberts

Large language models (LLMs) have changed the reality of how software is produced. Within the wider software engineering community, among many other purposes, they are explored for code generation use cases from different types of input. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Fabian Stiehle , Hans Weytjens , Ingo Weber

We present Multilingual Open Text (MOT), a new multilingual corpus containing text in 44 languages, many of which have limited existing text resources for natural language processing. The first release of the corpus contains over 2.8…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Chester Palen-Michel , June Kim , Constantine Lignos

Smart Contracts use computer technology to automate the performance of aspects of commercial agreements. Yet how can there be confidence that the computer code is faithful to the intentions of the parties? To understand the depth and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Christopher D. Clack

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have become hot topics in many information processing areas, from chatbots to scientific data analysis. At the same time, there is uncertainty about the possibility of extending…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Abel Torres Montoya
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