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For many legal operations teams, the management of the contracts and agreements that their organization are negotiating or have been executed is an encompassing and time-consuming task. This has resulted in specialized tools for Contract…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Sasha Vtyurina , Adam Roegiest

Smart contracts can implement and automate parts of legal contracts, but ensuring their legal compliance remains challenging. Existing approaches such as formal specification, verification, and model-based development require expertise in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chanuka Wijayakoon , Hai Dong , H. M. N. Dilum Bandara , Zahir Tari , Anurag Soin

The last decade has seen widespread adoption of Machine Learning (ML) components in software systems. This has occurred in nearly every domain, from natural language processing to computer vision. These ML components range from relatively…

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that gained popularity for enabling the transformation of cryptocurrency among peers without mediation by a centralized third-party authority. Smart contracts expand the applications of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Majd Soud , Gísli Hjálmtýsson , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Recent work has shown that Machine Learning (ML) programs are error-prone and called for contracts for ML code. Contracts, as in the design by contract methodology, help document APIs and aid API users in writing correct code. The question…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Samantha Syeda Khairunnesa , Shibbir Ahmed , Sayem Mohammad Imtiaz , Hridesh Rajan , Gary T. Leavens

We introduce the Emergent Language Corpus Collection (ELCC): a collection of corpora generated from open source implementations of emergent communication systems across the literature. These systems include a variety of signalling game…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Brendon Boldt , David Mortensen

Smart Contracts (SCs) are programs stored in a Blockchain to ensure agreements between two or more parties. Due to the unchangeable essence of Blockchain, failures or errors in SCs become perpetual once published. The reliability of SCs is…

Semantic code search technology allows searching for existing code snippets through natural language, which can greatly improve programming efficiency. Smart contracts, programs that run on the blockchain, have a code reuse rate of more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Chaochen Shi , Yong Xiang , Jiangshan Yu , Longxiang Gao

We present Lit2Vec, a reproducible workflow for constructing and validating a chemistry corpus from the Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus using conservative, metadata-based license screening. Using this workflow, we assembled an…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Mahmoud Amiri , Jamile Mohammad Jafari , Sara Mostafapour , Thomas Bocklitz

With a market capitalisation of over USD 205 billion in just under ten years, public distributed ledgers have experienced significant adoption. Apart from novel consensus mechanisms, their success is also accountable to smart contracts.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Dominik Harz , William Knottenbelt

Practically all large language models have been pre-trained on data that is subject to global uncertainty related to copyright infringement and breach of contract. This creates potential risk for users and developers due to this uncertain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Michael J Bommarito , Jillian Bommarito , Daniel Martin Katz

Most legal text in the Indian judiciary is written in complex English due to historical reasons. However, only a small fraction of the Indian population is comfortable in reading English. Hence legal text needs to be made available in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Sayan Mahapatra , Debtanu Datta , Shubham Soni , Adrijit Goswami , Saptarshi Ghosh

Notwithstanding their unprecedented ability to generate text, LLMs do not understand the meaning of words, have no sense of context and cannot reason. Their output constitutes an approximation of statistically dominant word patterns. And…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Eliza Mik

With the growing concern of AI safety, there is a need to trust the computations done by machine learning (ML) models. Blockchain technology, known for recording data and running computations transparently and in a tamper-proof manner, can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Zhikai Li , Steve Vott , Bhaskar Krishnamachar

While text mining and NLP research has been established for decades, there remain gaps in the literature that reports the use of these techniques in building real-world applications. For example, they typically look at single and sometimes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Ziqi Zhang , Tomas Jasaitis , Richard Freeman , Rowida Alfrjani , Adam Funk

Information retrieval, specifically contract clause retrieval, is foundational to contract drafting because lawyers rarely draft contracts from scratch; instead, they locate and revise the most relevant precedent. We introduce the Atticus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Steven H. Wang , Maksim Zubkov , Kexin Fan , Sarah Harrell , Yuyang Sun , Wei Chen , Andreas Plesner , Roger Wattenhofer

In populous countries, pending legal cases have been growing exponentially. There is a need for developing techniques for processing and organizing legal documents. In this paper, we introduce a new corpus for structuring legal documents.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Prathamesh Kalamkar , Aman Tiwari , Astha Agarwal , Saurabh Karn , Smita Gupta , Vivek Raghavan , Ashutosh Modi

We present a new, unique and freely available parallel corpus containing European Union (EU) documents of mostly legal nature. It is available in all 20 official EUanguages, with additional documents being available in the languages of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ralf Steinberger , Bruno Pouliquen , Anna Widiger , Camelia Ignat , Tomaz Erjavec , Dan Tufis , Daniel Varga

Legal judgment prediction suffers from the problem of long case documents exceeding tens of thousands of words, in general, and having a non-uniform structure. Predicting judgments from such documents becomes a challenging task, more so on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Nishchal Prasad , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufiq Dkaki

Machine learning (ML) has penetrated various fields in the era of big data. The advantage of collaborative machine learning (CML) over most conventional ML lies in the joint effort of decentralized nodes or agents that results in better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Shengwen Ding , Chenhui Hu