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Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in mathematical reasoning, but still continue to struggle with high-precision tasks like numerical computation and formal symbolic manipulation. Integrating external tools has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Qikai Chang , Zhenrong Zhang , Pengfei Hu , Jun Du , Jiefeng Ma , Yicheng Pan , Jianshu Zhang , Quan Liu , Jianqing Gao

The development of autonomous machine learning (ML) agents capable of end-to-end data science workflows represents a significant frontier in artificial intelligence. These agents must orchestrate complex sequences of data analysis, feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yaswanth Chittepu , Raghavendra Addanki , Tung Mai , Anup Rao , Branislav Kveton

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are often trained on datasets of query-response pairs, which embed the ability to use tools or APIs directly into the parametric knowledge of LLMs. Tool-augmented LLMs need the ability to forget…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiali Cheng , Hadi Amiri

Tools are essential for large language models (LLMs) to acquire up-to-date information and take consequential actions in external environments. Existing work on tool-augmented LLMs primarily focuses on the broad coverage of tools and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Boshi Wang , Hao Fang , Jason Eisner , Benjamin Van Durme , Yu Su

Recently, tool-augmented LLMs have gained increasing attention. Given an instruction, tool-augmented LLMs can interact with various external tools in multiple rounds and provide a final answer. However, previous LLMs were trained on overly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Qinzhuo Wu , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically come with a fixed architecture, despite growing evidence that not all layers contribute equally to every downstream task. We introduce TALE (Task-Aware Layer Elimination), an inference-time method that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Omar Naim , Krish Sharma , Niyar R Barman , Nicholas Asher

Inference-time compute scaling has emerged as a powerful technique for improving the reliability of large language model (LLM) agents, but existing methods apply compute uniformly: every decision step receives the same budget regardless of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Khushal Sethi

Trained on various human-authored corpora, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated a certain capability of reflecting specific human-like traits (e.g., personality or values) by prompting, benefiting applications like personalized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yuzhuo Bai , Shitong Duan , Muhua Huang , Jing Yao , Zhenghao Liu , Peng Zhang , Tun Lu , Xiaoyuan Yi , Maosong Sun , Xing Xie

Reward models (RMs) play a critical role in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Yet in the domain of tool learning, the lack of RMs specifically designed for function-calling tasks has limited progress toward more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Renhao Li , Jianhong Tu , Yang Su , Yantao Liu , Fei Huang , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Derek F. Wong , Junyang Lin , Min Yang

Training AI models has always been challenging, especially when there is a need for custom models to provide personalized services. Algorithm engineers often face a lengthy process to iteratively develop models tailored to specific business…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Haoyuan Li , Hao Jiang , Tianke Zhang , Zhelun Yu , Aoxiong Yin , Hao Cheng , Siming Fu , Yuhao Zhang , Wanggui He

Transformer based language models (LMs) demonstrate increasing performance with scale across a wide variety of tasks. Scale alone however cannot enable models to solve tasks that require access to ephemeral, changing, or private data that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Aaron Parisi , Yao Zhao , Noah Fiedel

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing the field of education by enabling personalized learning experiences tailored to individual student needs. In this paper, we introduce a framework for Adaptive Learning Systems that leverages…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Yongjie Li , Ruilin Nong , Jianan Liu , Lucas Evans

Large Language Model (LLM) Agents have recently garnered increasing interest yet they are limited in their ability to learn from trial and error, a key element of intelligent behavior. In this work, we argue that the capacity to learn new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Haiteng Zhao , Chang Ma , Guoyin Wang , Jing Su , Lingpeng Kong , Jingjing Xu , Zhi-Hong Deng , Hongxia Yang

Reward Models (RMs) are crucial to aligning large language models (LLMs), but the degree to which an RM specialized to one task (e.g. writing) generalizes to new tasks (e.g. math) is often not known a priori, often making using only one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Duy Nguyen , Archiki Prasad , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

In this paper, we investigate code-integrated reasoning, where models generate code when necessary and integrate feedback by executing it through a code interpreter. To acquire this capability, models must learn when and how to use external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Fei Bai , Yingqian Min , Beichen Zhang , Zhipeng Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Lei Fang , Zheng Liu , Zhongyuan Wang , Ji-Rong Wen

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities across diverse decision-making tasks. However, existing approaches often overlook the specialization differences among available models, treating all LLMs as uniformly applicable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Wei Zhu , Lixing Yu , Hao-Ren Yao , Zhiwen Tang , Kun Yue

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated that progressive refinement, rather than providing a single answer, results in more accurate and thoughtful outputs. However, existing methods often rely heavily on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Chengyu Du , Jinyi Han , Yizhou Ying , Aili Chen , Qianyu He , Haokun Zhao , Sirui Xia , Haoran Guo , Jiaqing Liang , Zulong Chen , Liangyue Li , Yanghua Xiao

This paper presents a new tool learning dataset Seal-Tools, which contains self-instruct API-like tools. Seal-Tools not only offers a large number of tools, but also includes instances which demonstrate the practical application of tools.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Mengsong Wu , Tong Zhu , Han Han , Chuanyuan Tan , Xiang Zhang , Wenliang Chen

Instruction tuning has emerged as a critical paradigm for improving the capabilities and alignment of large language models (LLMs). However, existing iterative model-aware data selection methods incur significant computational overhead, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Xiaotian Lin , Yanlin Qi , Yizhang Zhu , Themis Palpanas , Chengliang Chai , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

In this work, we propose a novel framework that integrates large language models (LLMs) with an RL-based dialogue manager for open-ended dialogue with a specific goal. By leveraging hierarchical reinforcement learning to model the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Lucie Galland , Catherine Pelachaud , Florian Pecune