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Question Answering (QA) is a growing area of research, often used to facilitate the extraction of information from within documents. State-of-the-art QA models are usually pre-trained on domain-general corpora like Wikipedia and thus tend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Matthew Maufe , James Ravenscroft , Rob Procter , Maria Liakata

Annotation tools are the starting point for creating Natural Language Processing (NLP) datasets. There is a wide variety of tools available; setting up these tools is however a hindrance. We propose EEVEE, an annotation tool focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Axel Sorensen , Siyao Peng , Barbara Plank , Rob van der Goot

With the surging inclination towards carrying out tasks on computational devices and digital mediums, any method that converts a task that was previously carried out manually, to a digitized version, is always welcome. Irrespective of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Pranav Guruprasad , Sujith Kumar S , Vigneswaran C , V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy

`Linguistic annotation' covers any descriptive or analytic notations applied to raw language data. The basic data may be in the form of time functions - audio, video and/or physiological recordings - or it may be textual. The added…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Steven Bird , Mark Liberman

This paper proposes a novel training scheme for fast matching models in Search Ads, which is motivated by the real challenges in model training. The first challenge stems from the pursuit of high throughput, which prohibits the deployment…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Xue Li , Zhipeng Luo , Hao Sun , Jianjin Zhang , Weihao Han , Xianqi Chu , Liangjie Zhang , Qi Zhang

As the NLP community increasingly addresses challenges associated with multilingualism, robust annotation tools are essential to handle multilingual datasets efficiently. In this paper, we introduce a code-mixed multilingual text annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Rajvee Sheth , Shubh Nisar , Heenaben Prajapati , Himanshu Beniwal , Mayank Singh

The primary objective of document annotation in whatever form, manual or electronic is to allow those who may not have control to original document to provide personal view on information source. Beyond providing personal assessment to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Charles A. Robert

Fine-grained Entity Typing is a tough task which suffers from noise samples extracted from distant supervision. Thousands of manually annotated samples can achieve greater performance than millions of samples generated by the previous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Sheng Lin , Luye Zheng , Bo Chen , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang , Fei Wu , Zhigang Chen , Guoping Hu , Xiang Ren

Many annotation tools have been developed, covering a wide variety of tasks and providing features like user management, pre-processing, and automatic labeling. However, all of these tools use Graphical User Interfaces, and often require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Jonathan K. Kummerfeld

Thanks to the increasing growth of computational power and data availability, the research in machine learning has advanced with tremendous rapidity. Nowadays, the majority of automatic decision making systems are based on data. However, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Elena Beretta , Antonio Vetrò , Bruno Lepri , Juan Carlos De Martin

Data annotation is essential but highly error-prone in the development of AI-enabled perception systems (AIePS) for automated driving, and its quality directly influences model performance, safety, and reliability. However, the industry…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Hina Saeeda , Tommy Johansson , Mazen Mohamad , Eric Knauss

Data annotation is essential for supervised learning, yet producing accurate, unbiased, and scalable labels remains challenging as datasets grow in size and modality. Traditional human-centric pipelines are costly, slow, and prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Subhodeep Ghosh , Bayan Divaaniaazar , Md Ishat-E-Rabban , Spencer Clarke , Senjuti Basu Roy

Many complex discourse-level tasks can aid domain experts in their work but require costly expert annotations for data creation. To speed up and ease annotations, we investigate the viability of automatically generated annotation…

We introduce a framework for lightweight dependency syntax annotation. Our formalism builds upon the typical representation for unlabeled dependencies, permitting a simple notation and annotation workflow. Moreover, the formalism encourages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-06-18 Nathan Schneider , Brendan O'Connor , Naomi Saphra , David Bamman , Manaal Faruqui , Noah A. Smith , Chris Dyer , Jason Baldridge

Studies of writing revisions rarely focus on revision quality. To address this issue, we introduce a corpus of between-draft revisions of student argumentative essays, annotated as to whether each revision improves essay quality. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Tazin Afrin , Diane Litman

Traditional image annotation tasks rely heavily on human effort for object selection and label assignment, making the process time-consuming and prone to decreased efficiency as annotators experience fatigue after extensive work. This paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 He Zhang , Xinyi Fu , John M. Carroll

Training a real-time gesture recognition model heavily relies on annotated data. However, manual data annotation is costly and demands substantial human effort. In order to address this challenge, we propose a framework that can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Junxiao Shen , Xuhai Xu , Ran Tan , Amy Karlson , Evan Strasnick

Current approaches to the annotation process focus on annotation schemas, languages for annotation, or are very application driven. In this paper it is proposed that a more flexible architecture for annotation requires a knowledge component…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Afzal Ballim , Nastaran Fatemi , Hatem Ghorbel , Vincenzo Pallotta

Feature Transformation is crucial for classic machine learning that aims to generate feature combinations to enhance the performance of downstream tasks from a data-centric perspective. Current methodologies, such as manual expert-driven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Tianqi He , Xiaohan Huang , Yi Du , Qingqing Long , Ziyue Qiao , Min Wu , Yanjie Fu , Yuanchun Zhou , Meng Xiao

Annotating data via crowdsourcing is time-consuming and expensive. Due to these costs, dataset creators often have each annotator label only a small subset of the data. This leads to sparse datasets with examples that are marked by few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-06 London Lowmanstone , Ruyuan Wan , Risako Owan , Jaehyung Kim , Dongyeop Kang