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This paper studies control interactions between grid-forming (GFM) converters exhibited by power and frequency oscillations in a weakly connected offshore wind power plant (WPP). Two GFM controls are considered, namely virtual synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Sulav Ghimire , Kanakesh V. Kkuni , Gabriel M. G. Guerreiro , Emerson D. Guest , Kim H. Jensen , Guangya Yang

Diverse synchronization dynamics within the grid-following (GFL)/grid-forming (GFM) converters-interlinked system are prone to induce oscillatory instabilities. To quantify their stability influences, frequency-domain modal analysis (FMA)…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Haoxiang Zong , Chen Zhang , Marta Molinas

The large-scale integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) has deteriorated the frequency/voltage (F/V) responses of power systems, leading to a higher risk of instability. Consequently, evaluating the F/V strength has become an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Huisheng Gao , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Zhiyi Li , Ping Ju

Future power grids will be operating a large number of heterogeneous dynamical actors. Many of these will contribute to the fundamental dynamical stability of the system. By taking a complexity theoretic perspective we derive a normal form…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2022-01-14 Raphael Kogler , Anton Plietzsch , Paul Schultz , Frank Hellmann

Hybrid microgrids integrating Grid-Following (GFL) and Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters present complex control challenges arising from the decoupling between long-term economic dispatch and real-time dynamic regulation, as well as the distinct…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Lifu Ding , Chunhui Hou , Yutong Li , Qinmin Yang

A fast and accurate grid impedance measurement of three-phase power systems is crucial for online assessment of power system stability and adaptive control of grid-connected converters. Existing grid impedance measurement approaches…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-30 Verena Häberle , Linbin Huang , Xiuqiang He , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Roy S. Smith , Florian Dörfler

This paper investigates the implementation and application of the multi-variable grid-forming hybrid angle control (HAC) for high-power converters in transmission grids. We explore the system-level performance and robustness of the HAC…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-13 Ali Tayyebi , Alan Magdaleno , Denis Vettoretti , Meng Chen , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

This paper investigates how grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) control strategies in inverter-based resources (IBRs) influence line distance and differential protection in converter-dominated transmission systems. A modified IEEE…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Andrés E. Quintero , Vinícius A. Lacerda , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Moisés J. B. B. Davi , Mario Oleskovicz

In power networks based on Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), fast controllers cause frequency and voltage dynamics to overlap. Thus, it becomes critical to assess the overall dynamic performance of such networks through a combined…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Rodrigo Bernal , Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

The converter control functions to provide the capabilities similar to synchronous generators are referred to as grid forming converters (GFC). Identical to a synchronous machine, a grid forming converter is expected to behave as a voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Sibin Mohan , Guangya Yang , Wilsun Xu

Quantum systems used for metrology can offer enhanced precision over their classical counterparts. The design of quantum sensors can be optimized by maximizing the quantum Fisher information (QFI), which characterizes the precision of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-26 George Mihailescu , Anthony Kiely , Andrew K. Mitchell

Passivity indices have been widely adopted to derive distributed stability certificates for power systems. Nevertheless, conventional passivity indices remain scalar-valued even for multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems, which can…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-07 Xi Ru , Cong Fu , Zhongze Li , Xiaoyu Peng , Feng Liu

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are essential for enhancing stability in modern power systems with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs). However, their performance highly depends on control parameters tuning, particularly the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-15 Kyung-Bin Kwon , Min Gyung Yu , Sayak Mukherjee , Timothy I. Salsbury

Installation of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in a number of substations in the power grid can help assess a set of its values and parameters, in particular those related to the dynamics when disturbances occur in the system. Inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-19 Mohammadali Hayerikhiyavi , Aleksandar Dimitrovski

This paper focuses on the challenging task of bottom-up restoration in a complete blackout system using Grid-forming (GFM) converters. Challenges arise due to the limited current capability of power converters, resulting in distinct dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Zexian Zeng , Prajwal Bhagwat , Maryam Saeedifard , Dominic Groß

This paper proposes and experimentally validates a joint control and scheduling framework for a grid-forming converter-interfaced BESS providing multiple services to the electrical grid. The framework is designed to dispatch the operation…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-20 Francesco Gerini , Yihui Zuo , Rahul Gupta , Elena Vagnoni , Rachid Cherkaoui , Mario Paolone

The paper presents a theoretical study on small-signal stability and damping in bulk power systems with multiple grid-forming inverter-based storage resources. A detailed analysis is presented, characterizing the impacts of inverter droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-06 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Subhrajit Sinha , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton

Networked power grid systems are susceptible to a phenomenon known as Coherent Swing Instability (CSI), in which a subset of machines in the grid lose synchrony with the rest of the network. We develop network level evaluation metrics to…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-05-24 Daniel Dylewsky , Xiu Yang , Alexandre Tartakovsky , J. Nathan Kutz

This paper presents a hybrid model-AI framework for real-time dynamic security assessment of frequency stability in power systems. The proposed method rapidly estimates key frequency parameters under a dynamic set of disturbances, which are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-12 Francisco Zelaya-Arrazabal , Sebastian Martinez-Lizana , Hector Pulgar-Painemal , Jin Zhao

This letter proposes an AC/DC frequency-dependent power flow Jacobian analysis to identify the system support capabilities. In addition, the analyses reveal that system support capabilities do not necessarily enhance the system stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-09 Dongyeong Lee , Eros Avdiaj , Jef Beerten
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