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Neural networks are widely used to approximate unknown functions in control. A common neural network architecture uses a single hidden layer (i.e. a shallow network), in which the input parameters are fixed in advance and only the output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Andrew Lamperski , Siddharth Salapaka

Deep artificial neural networks achieve surprising generalization abilities that remain poorly understood. In this paper, we present a new approach to analyzing generalization for deep feed-forward ReLU networks that takes advantage of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Ramchandran Muthukumar , Jeremias Sulam

The point estimates of ReLU classification networks---arguably the most widely used neural network architecture---have been shown to yield arbitrarily high confidence far away from the training data. This architecture, in conjunction with a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-20 Agustinus Kristiadi , Matthias Hein , Philipp Hennig

Gradient descent (GD) type optimization schemes are the standard methods to train artificial neural networks (ANNs) with rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation. Such schemes can be considered as discretizations of gradient flows (GFs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Neural networks are becoming increasingly prevalent in software, and it is therefore important to be able to verify their behavior. Because verifying the correctness of neural networks is extremely challenging, it is common to focus on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Ravi Mangal , Aditya V. Nori , Alessandro Orso

We study the expressivity of ReLU neural networks in the setting of a binary classification problem from a topological perspective. Recently, empirical studies showed that neural networks operate by changing topology, transforming a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Ekin Ergen , Moritz Grillo

Despite the empirical success of DNN, their internal training dynamics remain difficult to characterize. In ReLU-based models, the activation pattern induced by a given input determines the piecewise-linear region in which the network…

We prove a large deviation principle for deep neural networks with Gaussian weights and at most linearly growing activation functions, such as ReLU. This generalises earlier work, in which bounded and continuous activation functions were…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Quirin Vogel

In a function approximation with a neural network, an input dataset is mapped to an output index by optimizing the parameters of each hidden-layer unit. For a unary function, we present constraints on the parameters and its second…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-22 Masayo Inoue , Mana Futamura , Hirokazu Ninomiya

This paper investigates the ability of finite samples to identify two-layer irreducible shallow networks with various nonlinear activation functions, including rectified linear units (ReLU) and analytic functions such as the logistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yu Xia , Zhiqiang Xu

The realization function of a shallow ReLU network is a continuous and piecewise affine function $f:\mathbb R^d\to \mathbb R$, where the domain $\mathbb R^{d}$ is partitioned by a set of $n$ hyperplanes into cells on which $f$ is affine. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 S. Dereich , S. Kassing

Distributed aggregation allows the derivation of a given global aggregate property from many individual local values in nodes of an interconnected network system. Simple aggregates such as minima/maxima, counts, sums and averages have been…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-04-09 Miguel Borges , Paulo Jesus , Carlos Baquero , Paulo Sérgio Almeida

Feature attribution methods are a popular approach to explain the behavior of machine learning models. They assign importance scores to each input feature, quantifying their influence on the model's prediction. However, evaluating these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Magamed Taimeskhanov , Damien Garreau

We analyze a simple one-hidden-layer neural network with ReLU activation functions and fixed biases, with one-dimensional input and output. We study both continuous and discrete versions of the model, and we rigorously prove the convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Fabricio Macià , Shu Nakamura

We study the problem of learning one-hidden-layer neural networks with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function, where the inputs are sampled from standard Gaussian distribution and the outputs are generated from a noisy teacher…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-21 Xiao Zhang , Yaodong Yu , Lingxiao Wang , Quanquan Gu

The training of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation via gradient descent (GD) type optimization schemes is nowadays a common industrially relevant procedure. Till this day in the scientific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Simon Eberle , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert , Georg S. Weiss

We analyze approximation rates of deep ReLU neural networks for Sobolev-regular functions with respect to weaker Sobolev norms. First, we construct, based on a calculus of ReLU networks, artificial neural networks with ReLU activation…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-02-22 Ingo Gühring , Gitta Kutyniok , Philipp Petersen

Understanding the underlying mechanisms that enable the empirical successes of deep neural networks is essential for further improving their performance and explaining such networks. Towards this goal, a specific question is how to explain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Shaeke Salman , Canlin Zhang , Xiuwen Liu , Washington Mio

We introduce switched linear projections for expressing the activity of a neuron in a deep neural network in terms of a single linear projection in the input space. The method works by isolating the active subnetwork, a series of linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Lech Szymanski , Brendan McCane , Craig Atkinson

We consider the problem of estimating the parameters of a $d$-dimensional rectified Gaussian distribution from i.i.d. samples. A rectified Gaussian distribution is defined by passing a standard Gaussian distribution through a one-layer ReLU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Shanshan Wu , Alexandros G. Dimakis , Sujay Sanghavi