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Related papers: Explainable ICD Coding via Entity Linking

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Due to large number of entities in biomedical knowledge bases, only a small fraction of entities have corresponding labelled training data. This necessitates entity linking models which are able to link mentions of unseen entities using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Rico Angell , Nicholas Monath , Sunil Mohan , Nishant Yadav , Andrew McCallum

Identifying disease interconnections through manual analysis of large-scale clinical data is labor-intensive, subjective, and prone to expert disagreement. While machine learning (ML) shows promise, three critical challenges remain: (1)…

Linking biomedical entities is an essential aspect in biomedical natural language processing tasks, such as text mining and question answering. However, a difficulty of linking the biomedical entities using current large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Xi Yan , Cedric Möller , Ricardo Usbeck

Document subject classification is essential for structuring (digital) libraries and allowing readers to search within a specific field. Currently, the classification is typically made by human domain experts. Semi-supervised Machine…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Philipp Scharpf , Moritz Schubotz , Bela Gipp

Biomedical entity linking is the task of identifying mentions of biomedical concepts in text documents and mapping them to canonical entities in a target thesaurus. Recent advancements in entity linking using BERT-based models follow a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Rajarshi Bhowmik , Karl Stratos , Gerard de Melo

In order to submit a claim to insurance companies, a doctor needs to code a patient encounter with both the diagnosis (ICDs) and procedures performed (CPTs) in an Electronic Health Record (EHR). Identifying and applying relevant procedures…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-30 Hasham Ul Haq , Rameel Ahmad , Sibt Ul Hussain

Automatic ICD coding is the task of assigning codes from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) to medical notes. These codes describe the state of the patient and have multiple applications, e.g., computer-assisted diagnosis or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Damian Pascual , Sandro Luck , Roger Wattenhofer

ICD-9 coding is a relevant clinical billing task, where unstructured texts with information about a patient's diagnosis and treatments are annotated with multiple ICD-9 codes. Automated ICD-9 coding is an active research field, where CNN-…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Malte Feucht , Zhiliang Wu , Sophia Althammer , Volker Tresp

Codification of free-text clinical narratives have long been recognised to be beneficial for secondary uses such as funding, insurance claim processing and research. The current scenario of assigning codes is a manual process which is very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Rajvir Kaur , Jeewani Anupama Ginige , Oliver Obst

In medical coding, experts map unstructured clinical notes to alphanumeric codes for diagnoses and procedures. We introduce Code Like Humans: a new agentic framework for medical coding with large language models. It implements official…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Andreas Motzfeldt , Joakim Edin , Casper L. Christensen , Christian Hardmeier , Lars Maaløe , Anna Rogers

Given the clinical notes written in electronic health records (EHRs), it is challenging to predict the diagnostic codes which is formulated as a multi-label classification task. The large set of labels, the hierarchical dependency, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Shang-Chi Tsai , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

This paper aims to provide an approach for automatic coding of physician-patient communication transcripts to improve patient-centered communication (PCC). PCC is a central part of high-quality health care. To improve PCC, dialogues between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Gilchan Park , Julia Taylor Rayz , Cleveland G. Shields

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare has been revolutionary, especially with the recent advancements in transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the task of understanding unstructured electronic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Shivani Shekhar , Simran Tiwari , T. C. Rensink , Ramy Eskander , Wael Salloum

Objective. Natural language processing methods for medical auto-coding, or automatic generation of medical billing codes from electronic health records, generally assign each code independently of the others. They may thus assign codes for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-10-19 Michael Subotin , Anthony R. Davis

Qualitative data analysis provides insight into the underlying perceptions and experiences within unstructured data. However, the time-consuming nature of the coding process, especially for larger datasets, calls for innovative approaches,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Elisabeth Kirsten , Annalina Buckmann , Abraham Mhaidli , Steffen Becker

Coding of unstructured clinical free-text to produce interoperable structured data is essential to improve direct care, support clinical communication and to enable clinical research.However, manual clinical coding is difficult and time…

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a global medical classification system which provides unique codes for diagnoses and procedures appropriate to a patient's clinical record. However, manual coding by human coders is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Daeseong Kim , Haanju Yoo , Sewon Kim

This paper investigates the automation of qualitative data analysis, focusing on inductive coding using large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional approaches that rely on deductive methods with predefined labels, this research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Angelina Parfenova , Andreas Marfurt , Alexander Denzler , Juergen Pfeffer

The task of automatically coding the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) in the medical field has been well-established and has received much attention. Automatic coding of the ICD in the medical field has been successful in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Xinxin You , Xien Liu , Xue Yang , Ziyi Wang , Ji Wu

Diagnostic or procedural coding of clinical notes aims to derive a coded summary of disease-related information about patients. Such coding is usually done manually in hospitals but could potentially be automated to improve the efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Hang Dong , Víctor Suárez-Paniagua , William Whiteley , Honghan Wu