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We study Heisenberg's uncertainty relation relative to a quantum reference frame (QRF). We introduce the QRF as a covariant phase-space observable, show that when described relative to it, position and momentum appear compatible, and derive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-01 Miguel Jorquera Riera , Leon Loveridge

One of the most basic notions in physics is the partitioning of a system into subsystems, and the study of correlations among its parts. In this work, we explore these notions in the context of quantum reference frame (QRF) covariance, in…

The perspective-neutral formulation of quantum reference frames (QRFs) treats observers as quantum systems and describes physics relationally from within the composite system. While frame-change maps and frame-invariant resource sums are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Salman Sajad Wani , Saif Al-Kuwari

The study of quantum reference frames (QRFs) is motivated by the idea of taking into account the quantum properties of the reference frames used, explicitly or implicitly, in our description of physical systems. Like classical reference…

Recent work on quantum reference frames (QRFs) has demonstrated that superposition and entanglement are properties that change under QRF transformations. Given their utility in quantum information processing, it is important to understand…

In physics, every observation is made with respect to a frame of reference. Although reference frames are usually not considered as degrees of freedom, in all practical situations it is a physical system which constitutes a reference frame.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-07 Flaminia Giacomini , Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Časlav Brukner

A fundamental question in the field of quantum reference frames concerns what global properties of a system can be determined by observers operating entirely from within that system. We investigate this question by extending both the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Anne-Catherine de la Hamette , Viktoria Kabel , Časlav Brukner

The current theories of quantum physics and general relativity on their own do not allow us to study situations in which the gravitational source is quantum. Here, we propose a strategy to determine the dynamics of objects in the presence…

In the absence of external relata, internal quantum reference frames (QRFs) appear widely in the literature on quantum gravity, gauge theories and quantum foundations. Here, we extend the perspective-neutral approach to QRF covariance to…

Physical observation is made relative to a reference frame which is essentially a quantum system. Thus, a quantum system must be described relative to a quantum reference frame (QRF). Further requirements on QRF include using only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-02 Jianhao M. Yang

It was recently noted that different internal quantum reference frames (QRFs) partition a system in different ways into subsystems, much like different inertial observers in special relativity decompose spacetime in different ways into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-03 Philipp A. Hoehn , Isha Kotecha , Fabio M. Mele

Treating reference frames fundamentally as quantum systems is inevitable in quantum gravity and also in quantum foundations once considering laboratories as physical systems. Both fields thereby face the question of how to describe physics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-29 Augustin Vanrietvelde , Philipp A Hoehn , Flaminia Giacomini , Esteban Castro-Ruiz

The topic of quantum reference frames (QRFs) has attracted a great deal of attention in the recent literature. Potentially, the correct description of such frames is important for both the technological applications of quantum mechanics and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-08 Matthew J. Lake , Marek Miller

The developments of special relativity and quantum mechanics marked the beginning of the modern physics age. The former has taught us that while space and time are frame dependent notions, there is a quantity -- the space-time interval --…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-03 Matheus Fritsch Savi , Renato Moreira Angelo

The framework of internal quantum reference frames (QRFs) constitutes a universal toolset for dealing with symmetries in quantum theory and has led to new revelations in quantum gravity, gauge theories and foundational physics. Multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Julian De Vuyst , Philipp A. Hoehn , Artur Tsobanjan

This paper proposes an intrinsic or background-independent quantum framework based on entangled state rather than absolute quantum state, it describes a quantum relative state between the under-study quantum system and the quantum measuring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 M. J. Luo

Decoherence may not solve all of the measurement problems of quantum mechanics. It is proposed that a solution to these problems may be to allow that superpositions describe physically real systems in the following sense. Each quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Paul Merriam

Quantum reference frames have attracted renewed interest recently, as their exploration is relevant and instructive in many areas of quantum theory. Among the different types, position and time reference frames have captivated special…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-12 Michael Suleymanov , Ismael L. Paiva , Eliahu Cohen

Since their first introduction, Quantum Reference Frame (QRF) transformations have been extensively discussed, generalising the covariance of physical laws to the quantum domain. Despite important progress, a formulation of QRF…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-21 Luca Apadula , Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Časlav Brukner

In standard quantum mechanics, reference frames are treated as abstract entities. We can think of them as idealized, infinite-mass subsystems which decouple from the rest of the system. In nature, however, all reference frames are realized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-30 Viktor Zelezny
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