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Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have shown incredible capabilities in a variety of 2D vision and language tasks. We extend MLLMs' perceptual capabilities to ground and reason about images in 3-dimensional space. To that end, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Jang Hyun Cho , Boris Ivanovic , Yulong Cao , Edward Schmerling , Yue Wang , Xinshuo Weng , Boyi Li , Yurong You , Philipp Krähenbühl , Yan Wang , Marco Pavone

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are set to transform how machines process and generate human-like responses by integrating diverse modalities such as text, images, and code. Yet, effectively harnessing their capabilities hinges on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Anwesha Mohanty , Venkatesh Balavadhani Parthasarathy , Arsalan Shahid

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in manipulating natural language across multiple applications, but their ability to handle simple reasoning tasks is often questioned. In this work, we aim to provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Alessandro Raganato , Rafael Peñaloza , Marco Viviani , Gabriella Pasi

Recent work has shown that language models (LMs) have strong multi-step (i.e., procedural) reasoning capabilities. However, it is unclear whether LMs perform these tasks by cheating with answers memorized from pretraining corpus, or, via a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yifan Hou , Jiaoda Li , Yu Fei , Alessandro Stolfo , Wangchunshu Zhou , Guangtao Zeng , Antoine Bosselut , Mrinmaya Sachan

This paper investigates the mathematical reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) using 50 newly constructed high-school-level word problems. Unlike prior studies that focus solely on answer correctness, we rigorously analyze…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Johan Boye , Birger Moell

Real-world applications, such as autonomous driving and humanoid robot manipulation, require precise spatial perception. However, it remains underexplored how Vision-Language Models (VLMs) recognize spatial relationships and perceive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Fei Kong , Jinhao Duan , Kaidi Xu , Zhenhua Guo , Xiaofeng Zhu , Xiaoshuang Shi

Spatiotemporal reasoning plays a key role in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Despite advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), their capacity to reason about complex spatiotemporal signals remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Pengrui Quan , Brian Wang , Kang Yang , Liying Han , Mani Srivastava

Spatial reasoning is a crucial component of both biological and artificial intelligence. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the capability of current state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) on spatial reasoning. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Md Imbesat Hassan Rizvi , Xiaodan Zhu , Iryna Gurevych

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) struggle with puzzles, which require precise perception, rule comprehension, and logical reasoning. Assessing and enhancing their performance in this domain is crucial, as it reflects their ability to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Yufan Ren , Konstantinos Tertikas , Shalini Maiti , Junlin Han , Tong Zhang , Sabine Süsstrunk , Filippos Kokkinos

Strong Artificial Intelligence (Strong AI) or Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) with abstract reasoning ability is the goal of next-generation AI. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), along with the emerging field of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Yiqi Wang , Wentao Chen , Xiaotian Han , Xudong Lin , Haiteng Zhao , Yongfei Liu , Bohan Zhai , Jianbo Yuan , Quanzeng You , Hongxia Yang

Reasoning about spatial relationships between objects is essential for many real-world robotic tasks, such as fetch-and-delivery, object rearrangement, and object search. The ability to detect and disambiguate different objects and identify…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Negar Nejatishahidin , Madhukar Reddy Vongala , Jana Kosecka

Algorithmic reasoning is a fundamental cognitive ability that plays a pivotal role in problem-solving and decision-making processes. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated remarkable proficiency in tasks such as motor control,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Benjamin Estermann , Luca A. Lanzendörfer , Yannick Niedermayr , Roger Wattenhofer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have succeeded remarkably in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, yet their reasoning capabilities remain a fundamental challenge. While LLMs exhibit impressive fluency and factual recall, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Avinash Patil , Aryan Jadon

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly prominent in the field of artificial intelligence. These models not only excel in traditional vision-language tasks but also demonstrate impressive performance in contemporary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Xiaotian Han , Quanzeng You , Yongfei Liu , Wentao Chen , Huangjie Zheng , Khalil Mrini , Xudong Lin , Yiqi Wang , Bohan Zhai , Jianbo Yuan , Heng Wang , Hongxia Yang

Humans excel at spatial-temporal reasoning, effortlessly interpreting dynamic visual events from an egocentric viewpoint. However, whether multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can similarly understand the 4D world remains uncertain.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Peiran Wu , Yunze Liu , Miao Liu , Junxiao Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) still struggle with multi-step logical reasoning. Existing approaches either purely refine the reasoning chain in natural language form or attach a symbolic solver as an external module. In this work, we instead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Feihao Fang , My T. Thai , Yuanyuan Lei

Reasoning plays a crucial role in advancing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) toward Artificial General Intelligence. However, existing MLLM benchmarks often fall short in precisely and comprehensively evaluating long-chain reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Huanjin Yao , Jiaxing Huang , Yawen Qiu , Michael K. Chen , Wenzheng Liu , Wei Zhang , Wenjie Zeng , Xikun Zhang , Jingyi Zhang , Yuxin Song , Wenhao Wu , Dacheng Tao

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) perform strongly on natural images, yet their ability to understand discrete visual symbols remains unclear. We present a multi-domain benchmark spanning language, culture, mathematics, physics and…

Large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks and domains. Despite this promise, spatial understanding and reasoning -- a fundamental component of human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Jiayu Wang , Yifei Ming , Zhenmei Shi , Vibhav Vineet , Xin Wang , Yixuan Li , Neel Joshi

3D spatial reasoning is the ability to analyze and interpret the positions, orientations, and spatial relationships of objects within the 3D space. This allows models to develop a comprehensive understanding of the 3D scene, enabling their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Wufei Ma , Haoyu Chen , Guofeng Zhang , Yu-Cheng Chou , Jieneng Chen , Celso M de Melo , Alan Yuille