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In this paper, we introduce a class of graphs which we call average hereditary graphs. Many graphs that occur in the usual graph theory applications belong to this class of graphs. Many popular types of graphs fall under this class, such as…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Syed Mujtaba Hassan , Shahid Hussain

The (weak) Nullstellensatz over finite fields says that if $P_1,\ldots,P_m$ are $n$-variate degree-$d$ polynomials with no common zero over a finite field $\mathbb{F}$ then there are polynomials $R_1,\ldots,R_m$ such that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-14 Guy Moshkovitz , Jeffery Yu

We investigate the List $H$-Coloring problem, the generalization of graph coloring that asks whether an input graph $G$ admits a homomorphism to the undirected graph $H$ (possibly with loops), such that each vertex $v \in V(G)$ is mapped to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Hubie Chen , Bart M. P. Jansen , Karolina Okrasa , Astrid Pieterse , Paweł Rzążewski

A graph G is (d_1,..,d_l)-colorable if the vertex set of G can be partitioned into subsets V_1,..,V_l such that the graph G[V_i] induced by the vertices of V_i has maximum degree at most d_i for all 1 <= i <= l. In this paper, we focus on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-06-06 Mickael Montassier , Pascal Ochem

A graph $G$ is $(1,3)$-colorable if its vertices can be partitioned into subsets $V_1$ and $V_2$ so that every vertex in $G[V_1]$ has degree at most $1$ and every vertex in $G[V_2]$ has degree at most $3$. We prove that every graph with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-13 Alexandr Kostochka , Jingwei Xu , Xuding Zhu

Let $\Gamma$ be an Abelian group and let $G$ be a simple graph. We say that $G$ is $\Gamma$-colorable if for some fixed orientation of $G$ and every edge labeling $\ell:E(G)\rightarrow \Gamma$, there exists a vertex coloring $c$ by the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-05 Bartłomiej Bosek , Jarosław Grytczuk , Grzegorz Gutowski , Oriol Serra , Mariusz Zając

We study the complexity of proving that a sparse random regular graph on an odd number of vertices does not have a perfect matching, and related problems involving each vertex being matched some pre-specified number of times. We show that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Per Austrin , Kilian Risse

The clustering of a graph coloring is the maximum size of monochromatic components. This paper studies colorings with bounded clustering in graph classes with bounded layered treewidth, which include planar graphs, graphs of bounded Euler…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Chun-Hung Liu , David R. Wood

For an integer $r>0$, a conditional $(k,r)$-coloring of a graph $G$ is a proper $k$-coloring of the vertices of $G$ such that every vertex $v$ of degree $d(v)$ in $G$ is adjacent to vertices with at least $min\{r, d(v)\}$ different colors.…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2007-11-20 Xueliang Li , Xiangmei Yao , Wenli Zhou

The Gr\"{o}tzsch Theorem states that every triangle-free planar graph admits a proper $3$-coloring. Among many of its generalizations, the one of Gr\"{u}nbaum and Aksenov, giving $3$-colorability of planar graphs with at most three…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-13 Hoang La , Borut Lužar , Kenny Štorgel

An $i$-independent set is a set of vertices whose pairwise distance is at least $i+1$. A proper coloring (resp. a square coloring) of a graph is a partition of its vertices into independent (resp. $2$-independent) sets. A packing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-04 Ilkyoo Choi , Xujun Liu

A colouring of a graph is "nonrepetitive" if for every path of even order, the sequence of colours on the first half of the path is different from the sequence of colours on the second half. We show that planar graphs have nonrepetitive…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-01-24 Vida Dujmović , Louis Esperet , Gwenaël Joret , Bartosz Walczak , David R. Wood

We prove several results about the complexity of the role colouring problem. A role colouring of a graph $G$ is an assignment of colours to the vertices of $G$ such that two vertices of the same colour have identical sets of colours in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-08-26 Christopher Purcell , M. Puck Rombach

We present sharp estimates for the degree and the height of the polynomials in the Nullstellensatz over $\Z$. The result improves previous work of Philippon, Berenstein-Yger and Krick-Pardo. We also present degree and height estimates of…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Teresa Krick , Luis Miguel Pardo , Martin Sombra

A (not necessarily proper) vertex colouring of a graph has "clustering" $c$ if every monochromatic component has at most $c$ vertices. We prove that planar graphs with maximum degree $\Delta$ are 3-colourable with clustering $O(\Delta^2)$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Vida Dujmović , Louis Esperet , Pat Morin , Bartosz Walczak , David R. Wood

We prove that with high probability over the choice of a random graph $G$ from the Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi distribution $G(n,1/2)$, a natural $n^{O(\varepsilon^2 \log n)}$-time, degree $O(\varepsilon^2 \log n)$ sum-of-squares semidefinite program…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Pravesh K. Kothari , Peter Manohar

In this paper we consider a colouring version of the general position problem. The \emph{$\gp $-chromatic number} is the smallest number of colours needed to colour the vertices of the graph such that each colour class has the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Ullas Chandran S. V. , Gabriele Di Stefano , Haritha S. , Elias John Thomas , James Tuite

Using the algebraic approach to promise constraint satisfaction problems, we establish complexity classifications of three natural variants of hypergraph colourings: standard nonmonochromatic colourings, conflict-free colourings, and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Tamio-Vesa Nakajima , Zephyr Verwimp , Marcin Wrochna , Stanislav Živný

Lokshtanov, Marx, and Saurabh SODA 2011 proved that there is no $(k-\epsilon)^{\operatorname{pw}(G)}\operatorname{poly}(n)$ time algorithm for deciding if an $n$-vertex graph $G$ with pathwidth $\operatorname{pw}(G)$ admits a proper vertex…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-07-10 Andreas Björklund

The paper deals with an extremal problem concerning colorings of hypergraphs with bounded edge degrees. Consider the family of $b$-simple hypergraphs, in which any two edges do not share more than $b$ common vertices. We prove that for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-12-18 Margarita Akhmejanova , Dmitry Shabanov