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Most existing scene text detectors focus on detecting characters or words that only capture partial text messages due to missing contextual information. For a better understanding of text in scenes, it is more desired to detect contextual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Chuhui Xue , Jiaxing Huang , Shijian Lu , Changhu Wang , Song Bai

The presence of toxic content has become a major problem for many online communities. Moderators try to limit this problem by implementing more and more refined comment filters, but toxic users are constantly finding new ways to circumvent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Éloi Brassard-Gourdeau , Richard Khoury

Toxic comment classification has become an active research field with many recently proposed approaches. However, while these approaches address some of the task's challenges others still remain unsolved and directions for further research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-21 Betty van Aken , Julian Risch , Ralf Krestel , Alexander Löser

Toxic language includes content that is offensive, abusive, or that promotes harm. Progress in preventing toxic output from large language models (LLMs) is hampered by inconsistent definitions of toxicity. We introduce TRuST, a large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Berk Atil , Namrata Sureddy , Rebecca J. Passonneau

Not all topics are equally "flammable" in terms of toxicity: a calm discussion of turtles or fishing less often fuels inappropriate toxic dialogues than a discussion of politics or sexual minorities. We define a set of sensitive topics that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Nikolay Babakov , Varvara Logacheva , Olga Kozlova , Nikita Semenov , Alexander Panchenko

Detecting which parts of a sentence contribute to that sentence's toxicity -- rather than providing a sentence-level verdict of hatefulness -- would increase the interpretability of models and allow human moderators to better understand the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Alireza Salemi , Nazanin Sabri , Emad Kebriaei , Behnam Bahrak , Azadeh Shakery

Toxicity identification in online multimodal environments remains a challenging task due to the complexity of contextual connections across modalities (e.g., textual and visual). In this paper, we propose a novel framework that integrates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Rahul Garg , Trilok Padhi , Hemang Jain , Ugur Kursuncu , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Toxic interactions during code reviews can undermine teamwork and hinder productivity in software engineering (SE) teams. While prior studies explore toxicity detection and empirical investigation, they lack real-time detoxification tools…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 MD Awsaf Alam Anindya , Showvik Biswas , Anindya Iqbal , Jaydeb Sarker , Amiangshu Bosu

Detecting online toxicity has always been a challenge due to its inherent subjectivity. Factors such as the context, geography, socio-political climate, and background of the producers and consumers of the posts play a crucial role in…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Tanmay Garg , Sarah Masud , Tharun Suresh , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Threat detection in Natural Language Processing lacks consistent definitions and standardized benchmarks, and is often conflated with broader phenomena such as toxicity, hate speech, or offensive language. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Davide Bruni , Carlo Bardazzi , Maurizio Tesconi

Studies have shown that toxic behavior can cause contributors to leave, and hinder newcomers' (especially from underrepresented communities) participation in Open Source Software (OSS) projects. Thus, detection of toxic language plays a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ramtin Ehsani , Rezvaneh Rezapour , Preetha Chatterjee

We introduce aligned probing, a novel interpretability framework that aligns the behavior of language models (LMs), based on their outputs, and their internal representations (internals). Using this framework, we examine over 20 OLMo,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Andreas Waldis , Vagrant Gautam , Anne Lauscher , Dietrich Klakow , Iryna Gurevych

Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups. This paper presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Melania Berbatova , Tsvetoslav Vasev

In this paper, we study counterfactual fairness in text classification, which asks the question: How would the prediction change if the sensitive attribute referenced in the example were different? Toxicity classifiers demonstrate a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-15 Sahaj Garg , Vincent Perot , Nicole Limtiaco , Ankur Taly , Ed H. Chi , Alex Beutel

Internet memes are a powerful form of online communication, yet their nature and reliance on commonsense knowledge make toxicity detection challenging. Identifying key features for meme interpretation and understanding, is a crucial task.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Stefano De Giorgis , Ting-Chih Chen , Filip Ilievski

In an era of rapidly evolving internet technology, the surge in multimodal content, including videos, has expanded the horizons of online communication. However, the detection of toxic content in this diverse landscape, particularly in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Krishanu Maity , A. S. Poornash , Sriparna Saha , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

With surge in online platforms, there has been an upsurge in the user engagement on these platforms via comments and reactions. A large portion of such textual comments are abusive, rude and offensive to the audience. With machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Ayush Kumar , Pratik Kumar

Flood of information is produced in a daily basis through the global Internet usage arising from the on-line interactive communications among users. While this situation contributes significantly to the quality of human life, unfortunately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Spiros V. Georgakopoulos , Sotiris K. Tasoulis , Aristidis G. Vrahatis , Vassilis P. Plagianakos

Toxic speech detection has become a crucial challenge in maintaining safe online communication environments. However, existing approaches to toxic speech detection often neglect the contribution of paralinguistic cues, such as emotion,…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zhongjie Ba , Liang Yi , Peng Cheng , Qingcao Li , Qinglong Wang , Li Lu

In-game toxic language becomes the hot potato in the gaming industry and community. There have been several online game toxicity analysis frameworks and models proposed. However, it is still challenging to detect toxicity due to the nature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yuanzhe Jia , Weixuan Wu , Feiqi Cao , Soyeon Caren Han