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In this paper, we consider the problem of generating fair randomness in a deterministic, multi-agent context (for instance, a decentralised game built on a blockchain). The existing state-of-the-art approaches are either susceptible to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Daniel Kraft

Blockchain plays a crucial role in ensuring the security and integrity of decentralized systems, with the proof-of-work (PoW) mechanism being fundamental for achieving distributed consensus. As PoW blockchains see broader adoption, an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-07 Xunqiang Lan , Xiao Tang , Ruonan Zhang , Bin Li , Qinghe Du , Dusit Niyato , Zhu Han

This paper examines the economic and security implications of Proof-of-Stake (POS) designs, providing a survey of POS design choices and their underlying economic principles in prominent POS-blockchains. The paper argues that…

General Economics · Economics 2024-05-24 Nicolas Oderbolz , Beatrix Marosvölgyi , Matthias Hafner

Proof-of-stake blockchain protocols have emerged as a compelling paradigm for organizing distributed ledger systems. In proof-of-stake (PoS), a subset of stakeholders participate in validating a growing ledger of transactions. For the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Aggelos Kiayias , Elias Koutsoupias , Francisco Marmolejo-Cossio , Aikaterini-Panagiota Stouka

Blockchains have witnessed widespread adoption in the past decade in various fields. The growing demand makes their scalability and sustainability challenges more evident than ever. As a result, more and more blockchains have begun to adopt…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Shashank Motepalli , Hans-Arno Jacobsen

To maintain blockchain-based services with ensuring its security, it is an important issue how to decide a mining reward so that the number of miners participating in the mining increases. We propose a dynamical model of decision-making for…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Kosuke Toda , Naomi Kuze , Toshimitsu Ushio

Blockchain systems, such as Ethereum, are increasingly adopting layer-2 scaling solutions to improve transaction throughput and reduce fees. One popular layer-2 approach is the Optimistic Rollup, which relies on a mechanism known as a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Suhyeon Lee

This paper examines how various categories of Ethereum stakers respond to changes in the consensus issuance schedule, and the potential impact of such changes on the composition of the staking market. To this end, we have develop and…

General Economics · Economics 2025-07-22 Juan Beccuti , Thunj Chantramonklasri , Matthias Hafner , Nicolas Oderbolz

Consensus algorithms facilitate agreement on and resolution of blockchain functions, such as smart contracts and transactions. Ethereum uses a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, which depends on financial incentives to ensure that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Alpesh Bhudia , Anna Cartwright , Edward Cartwright , Darren Hurley-Smith , Julio Hernandez-Castro

Blockchain systems often employ proof-of-work consensus protocols to validate and add transactions into hashchains. These protocols stimulate competition among miners in solving cryptopuzzles (e.g. SHA-256 hash computation in Bitcoin) in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Venkata Sriram Siddhardh Nadendla , Lav R. Varshney

It is an important decision-making problem for a miner in the blockchain networks if he/she participates in the mining so that he/she earns a reward by creating a new block earlier than other miners. We formulate this decision-making…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Kosuke Toda , Naomi Kuze , Toshimitsu Ushio

Blockchain technology is a breakthrough in changing the ways of business and organization operations, in which the consensus problem is challenging with practical constraints, such as computational power and consensus standard. In this…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Yuqi Xie , Changbing Tang , Feilong Lin , Guanrong Chen , Zhao Zhang , Zhonglong Zheng

Block space on the blockchain is scarce and must be allocated efficiently through block building. However, Ethereum's current block-building ecosystem, MEV-Boost, has become highly centralized due to integration, which distorts competition,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Mengqian Zhang , Sen Yang , Kartik Nayak , Fan Zhang

Low transaction throughput and poor scalability are significant issues in public blockchain consensus protocols such as Bitcoins. Recent research efforts in this direction have proposed shard-based consensus protocols where the key idea is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Murtuza Jadliwala , Anindya Maiti , Mahdi Fooladgar

This study explores the intricacies of waiting games, a novel dynamic that emerged with Ethereum's transition to a Proof-of-Stake (PoS)-based block proposer selection protocol. Within this PoS framework, validators acquire a distinct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Burak Öz , Benjamin Kraner , Nicolò Vallarano , Bingle Stegmann Kruger , Florian Matthes , Claudio Juan Tessone

As the core issue of blockchain, the mining requires solving a proof-of-work puzzle, which is resource expensive to implement in mobile devices due to high computing power needed. Thus, the development of blockchain in mobile applications…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Zehui Xiong , Shaohan Feng , Dusit Niyato , Ping Wang , Zhu Han

We provide an economic model of Execution Tickets and use it to study the ability of the Ethereum protocol to capture MEV from block construction. We demonstrate that Execution Tickets extract all MEV when all buyers are homogeneous, risk…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Jonah Burian , Davide Crapis , Fahad Saleh

Many protocols in distributed computing rely on a source of randomness, usually called a random beacon, both for their applicability and security. This is especially true for proof-of-stake blockchain protocols in which the next miner or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Zhuo Cai

Recent scholarly work has extensively examined the phenomenon of algorithmic collusion driven by AI-enabled pricing algorithms. However, online platforms commonly deploy recommender systems that influence how consumers discover and purchase…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Xingchen Xu , Stephanie Lee , Yong Tan

All public blockchains are secured by a proof of opportunity cost among block producers. For example, the security offered by proof-of-work (PoW) systems, like Bitcoin, is due to spent computation; it is work precisely because it cannot be…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-27 George Bissias , Brian N. Levine , David Thibodeau