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Most existing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection benchmarks classify samples with novel labels as the OOD data. However, some marginal OOD samples actually have close semantic contents to the in-distribution (ID) sample, which makes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Xingming Long , Jie Zhang , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

We present a new methodology for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) images by utilizing norms of the score estimates at multiple noise scales. A score is defined to be the gradient of the log density with respect to the input data. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Ahsan Mahmood , Junier Oliva , Martin Styner

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods assume that they have test ground truths, i.e., whether individual test samples are in-distribution (IND) or OOD. However, in the real world, we do not always have such ground truths, and thus do…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Yuhang Zhang , Weihong Deng , Liang Zheng

Background. Commonly, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) generalize well on samples drawn from a distribution similar to that of the training set. However, DNNs' predictions are brittle and unreliable when the test samples are drawn from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Matan Haroush , Tzviel Frostig , Ruth Heller , Daniel Soudry

As machine learning becomes increasingly prevalent in impactful decisions, recognizing when inference data is outside the model's expected input distribution is paramount for giving context to predictions. Out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Anish Lakkapragada , Amol Khanna , Edward Raff , Nathan Inkawhich

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is important for machine learning models deployed in the wild. Recent methods use auxiliary outlier data to regularize the model for improved OOD detection. However, these approaches make a strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Julian Katz-Samuels , Julia Nakhleh , Robert Nowak , Yixuan Li

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) Detection aims to separate the samples falling outside the distribution of training data without label information. Among numerous branches, contrastive learning has shown its excellent capability of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Menglong Chen , Xingtai Gui , Shicai Fan

Recent advancements in dense out-of-distribution (OOD) detection have primarily focused on scenarios where the training and testing datasets share a similar domain, with the assumption that no domain shift exists between them. However, in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zhitong Gao , Shipeng Yan , Xuming He

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection identifies test samples that fall outside a model's training distribution, a capability critical for safe deployment in high-stakes applications. Standard OOD detectors are trained on a specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shawn Li , You Qin , Jiate Li , Charith Peris , Lisa Bauer , Roger Zimmermann , Yue Zhao

Deep generative models offer a natural foundation for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, yet prior work has shown that their assigned likelihoods are notoriously unreliable indicators for in- vs out-of-distribution data. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Philipp Bomatter , Jack Geary , Henry Gouk

When applying deep learning models in open-world scenarios, active learning (AL) strategies are crucial for identifying label candidates from a nearly infinite amount of unlabeled data. In this context, robust out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sebastian Schmidt , Leonard Schenk , Leo Schwinn , Stephan Günnemann

Machine learning models often encounter samples that are diverged from the training distribution. Failure to recognize an out-of-distribution (OOD) sample, and consequently assign that sample to an in-class label significantly compromises…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Mohammadreza Salehi , Hossein Mirzaei , Dan Hendrycks , Yixuan Li , Mohammad Hossein Rohban , Mohammad Sabokrou

In open-set semi-supervised learning (OSSL), we consider unlabeled datasets that may contain unknown classes. Existing OSSL methods often use the softmax confidence for classifying data as in-distribution (ID) or out-of-distribution (OOD).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Erik Wallin , Lennart Svensson , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is essential for safe deployment of deep neural networks (DNNs). This problem becomes particularly challenging in the presence of long-tailed in-distribution (ID) datasets, often leading to high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nimeshika Udayangani , Hadi M. Dolatabadi , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie

In addition to accurate scene understanding through precise semantic segmentation of LiDAR point clouds, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) objects, instances not encountered during training, is essential to prevent the incorrect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Hanieh Shojaei Miandashti , Claus Brenner

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify test examples that do not belong to the training distribution and are thus unlikely to be predicted reliably. Despite a plethora of existing works, most of them focused only on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Reza Averly , Wei-Lun Chao

Deep generative models have been demonstrated as state-of-the-art density estimators. Yet, recent work has found that they often assign a higher likelihood to data from outside the training distribution. This seemingly paradoxical behavior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Jakob D. Havtorn , Jes Frellsen , Søren Hauberg , Lars Maaløe

As the data demand for deep learning models increases, active learning (AL) becomes essential to strategically select samples for labeling, which maximizes data efficiency and reduces training costs. Real-world scenarios necessitate the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Sebastian Schmidt , Leonard Schenk , Leo Schwinn , Stephan Günnemann

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect test samples that do not fall into any training in-distribution (ID) classes. Prior efforts focus on regularizing models with ID data only, largely underperforming counterparts that utilize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Puning Yang , Jian Liang , Jie Cao , Ran He

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is a task that is receiving an increasing amount of research attention in the domain of deep learning for computer vision. However, the performance of detection methods is generally evaluated on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Guoxuan Xia , Christos-Savvas Bouganis