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Attention-based multiple instance learning (AMIL) algorithms have proven to be successful in utilizing gigapixel whole-slide images (WSIs) for a variety of different computational pathology tasks such as outcome prediction and cancer…

Although multiple instance learning (MIL) methods are widely used for automatic tumor detection on whole slide images (WSI), they suffer from the extreme class imbalance within the small tumor WSIs. This occurs when the tumor comprises only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Shuo Niu , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an important biomarker in breast cancer patients who can benefit from cost-effective automatic Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E) HER2 scoring. However, developing such scoring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Rawan S. Abdulsadig , Bryan M. Williams , Nikolay Burlutskiy

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved state of the art performance on both classification and segmentation tasks. Applying CNNs to microscopy images is challenging due to the lack of datasets labeled at the single cell level. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Oren Z. Kraus , Lei Jimmy Ba , Brendan Frey

A new multi-attention based method for solving the MIL problem (MAMIL), which takes into account the neighboring patches or instances of each analyzed patch in a bag, is proposed. In the method, one of the attention modules takes into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin

Whole slide image (WSI) assessment is a challenging and crucial step in cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. WSIs require high magnifications to facilitate sub-cellular analysis. Precise annotations for patch- or even pixel-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Simon Holdenried-Krafft , Peter Somers , Ivonne A. Montes-Majarro , Diana Silimon , Cristina Tarín , Falko Fend , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

Multiple Instance Learning is the predominant method for Whole Slide Image classification in digital pathology, enabling the use of slide-level labels to supervise model training. Although MIL eliminates the tedious fine-grained annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Chen Shu , Boyu Fu , Yiman Li , Ting Yin , Wenchuan Zhang , Jie Chen , Yuhao Yi , Hong Bu

With the increasing demand for histopathological specimen examination and diagnostic reporting, Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has received heightened research focus as a viable solution for AI-centric diagnostic aid. Recently, to improve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Sungrae Hong , Sol Lee , Jisu Shin , Jiwon Jeong , Mun Yong Yi

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is often used in medical imaging to classify high-resolution 2D images by processing patches or classify 3D volumes by processing slices. However, conventional MIL approaches treat instances separately,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ethan Harvey , Dennis Johan Loevlie , Michael C. Hughes

Deep models, e.g., CNNs and Vision Transformers, have achieved impressive achievements in many vision tasks in the closed world. However, novel classes emerge from time to time in our ever-changing world, requiring a learning system to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Da-Wei Zhou , Qi-Wei Wang , Zhi-Hong Qi , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan , Ziwei Liu

The rapidly emerging field of computational pathology has the potential to enable objective diagnosis, therapeutic response prediction and identification of new morphological features of clinical relevance. However, deep learning-based…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-25 Ming Y. Lu , Drew F. K. Williamson , Tiffany Y. Chen , Richard J. Chen , Matteo Barbieri , Faisal Mahmood

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a form of weakly supervised learning where training instances are arranged in sets, called bags, and a label is provided for the entire bag. This formulation is gaining interest because it naturally fits…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Marc-André Carbonneau , Veronika Cheplygina , Eric Granger , Ghyslain Gagnon

Hispathological image segmentation algorithms play a critical role in computer aided diagnosis technology. The development of weakly supervised segmentation algorithm alleviates the problem of medical image annotation that it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Ziniu Qian , Kailu Li , Maode Lai , Eric I-Chao Chang , Bingzheng Wei , Yubo Fan , Yan Xu

Weakly-supervised classification of histopathology slides is a computationally intensive task, with a typical whole slide image (WSI) containing billions of pixels to process. We propose Discriminative Region Active Sampling for Multiple…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-23 Jack Breen , Katie Allen , Kieran Zucker , Geoff Hall , Nicolas M. Orsi , Nishant Ravikumar

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods have become increasingly popular for classifying giga-pixel sized Whole-Slide Images (WSIs) in digital pathology. Most MIL methods operate at a single WSI magnification, by processing all the tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Kevin Thandiackal , Boqi Chen , Pushpak Pati , Guillaume Jaume , Drew F. K. Williamson , Maria Gabrani , Orcun Goksel

Digitizing pathological images into gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) has opened new avenues for Computational Pathology (CPath). As positive tissue comprises only a small fraction of gigapixel WSIs, existing Multiple Instance Learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Wenhao Tang , Sheng Huang , Heng Fang , Fengtao Zhou , Bo Liu , Qingshan Liu

Deep learning models have revolutionized the field of medical image analysis, due to their outstanding performances. However, they are sensitive to spurious correlations, often taking advantage of dataset bias to improve results for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Diogo J. Araújo , M. Rita Verdelho , Alceu Bissoto , Jacinto C. Nascimento , Carlos Santiago , Catarina Barata

In recent years, the integration of pre-trained foundational models with multiple instance learning (MIL) has improved diagnostic accuracy in computational pathology. However, existing MIL methods focus on optimizing feature extractors and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Le Feng , Li Xiao

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a key algorithm for classification of whole slide images (WSI). Histology WSIs can have billions of pixels, which create enormous computational and annotation challenges. Typically, such images are…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-03 Andriy Myronenko , Ziyue Xu , Dong Yang , Holger Roth , Daguang Xu

Multi-Instance Learning(MIL) aims to learn the mapping between a bag of instances and the bag-level label. Therefore, the relationships among instances are very important for learning the mapping. In this paper, we propose an MIL algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Yangling Ma , Zhouwang Yang