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Score-based diffusion models have emerged as a powerful class of generative methods, achieving state-of-the-art performance across diverse domains. Despite their empirical success, the mathematical foundations of those models remain only…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-13 Kang Liu , Enrique Zuazua

Diffusion modeling (DM) has high-quality generative performance, and the sampling problem is an important part of the DM performance. Thanks to efficient differential equation solvers, the sampling speed can be reduced while higher sampling…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Zitong Cheng

Diffusion probabilistic models (DPMs) have shown remarkable performance in high-resolution image synthesis, but their sampling efficiency is still to be desired due to the typically large number of sampling steps. Recent advancements in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Shuchen Xue , Zhaoqiang Liu , Fei Chen , Shifeng Zhang , Tianyang Hu , Enze Xie , Zhenguo Li

Although diffusion models can generate remarkably high-quality samples, they are intrinsically bottlenecked by their expensive iterative sampling procedure. Consistency models (CMs) have recently emerged as a promising diffusion model…

Diffusion-based generative models have achieved remarkable performance across various domains, yet their practical deployment is often limited by high sampling costs. While prior work focuses on training objectives or individual solvers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Sangwoo Jo , Sungjoon Choi

Diffusion models (DMs) have become the dominant paradigm of generative modeling in a variety of domains by learning stochastic processes from noise to data. Recently, diffusion denoising bridge models (DDBMs), a new formulation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Guande He , Kaiwen Zheng , Jianfei Chen , Fan Bao , Jun Zhu

A generative model based on a continuous-time normalizing flow between any pair of base and target probability densities is proposed. The velocity field of this flow is inferred from the probability current of a time-dependent density that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Michael S. Albergo , Eric Vanden-Eijnden

We present a concise, self-contained derivation of diffusion-based generative models. Starting from basic properties of Gaussian distributions (densities, quadratic expectations, re-parameterisation, products, and KL divergences), we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Sepehr Maleki , Negar Pourmoazemi

Foundation models enable prompt-based classifiers for zero-shot and few-shot learning. Nonetheless, the conventional method of employing fixed prompts suffers from distributional shifts that negatively impact generalizability to unseen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yingjun Du , Gaowen Liu , Yuzhang Shang , Yuguang Yao , Ramana Kompella , Cees G. M. Snoek

Statistical surrogate modeling of fluid flows is hard because dynamics are multiscale and highly sensitive to initial conditions. Conditional diffusion surrogates can be accurate, but usually need hundreds of stochastic sampling steps. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Victor Armegioiu , Yannick Ramic , Siddhartha Mishra

Continuous normalizing flows (CNFs) and diffusion models (DMs) generate high-quality data from a noise distribution. However, their sampling process demands multiple iterations to solve an ordinary differential equation (ODE) with high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Denis Gudovskiy , Wenzhao Zheng , Tomoyuki Okuno , Yohei Nakata , Kurt Keutzer

This is an expository article on the score-based diffusion models, with a particular focus on the formulation via stochastic differential equations (SDE). After a gentle introduction, we discuss the two pillars in the diffusion modeling --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Wenpin Tang , Hanyang Zhao

Beyond their impressive sampling capabilities, score-based diffusion models offer a powerful analysis tool in the form of unbiased density estimation of a query sample under the training data distribution. In this work, we investigate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Marius Arvinte , Cory Cornelius , Jason Martin , Nageen Himayat

We study the problem of estimating the score function of an unknown probability distribution $\rho^*$ from $n$ independent and identically distributed observations in $d$ dimensions. Assuming that $\rho^*$ is subgaussian and has a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-06-13 Andre Wibisono , Yihong Wu , Kaylee Yingxi Yang

Score-based Generative Models (SGMs) aim to sample from a target distribution by learning score functions using samples perturbed by Gaussian noise. Existing convergence bounds for SGMs in the W2-distance rely on stringent assumptions about…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-12 Marta Gentiloni-Silveri , Antonio Ocello

Diffusion-based generative models use stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and their equivalent ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to establish a smooth connection between a complex data distribution and a tractable prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-25 Defang Chen , Zhenyu Zhou , Can Wang , Chunhua Shen , Siwei Lyu

Diffusion models often generate novel samples even when the learned score is only \emph{coarse} -- a phenomenon not accounted for by the standard view of diffusion training as density estimation. In this paper, we show that, under the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Zebang Shen , Ya-Ping Hsieh , Niao He

Flow matching has emerged as a simulation-free alternative to diffusion-based generative modeling, producing samples by solving an ODE whose time-dependent velocity field is learned along an interpolation between a simple source…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-10 Shivam Kumar , Yixin Wang , Lizhen Lin

Diffusion models achieve state-of-the-art performance in various generation tasks. However, their theoretical foundations fall far behind. This paper studies score approximation, estimation, and distribution recovery of diffusion models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Minshuo Chen , Kaixuan Huang , Tuo Zhao , Mengdi Wang

Probabilistic ordinary differential equation (ODE) solvers have been introduced over the past decade as uncertainty-aware numerical integrators. They typically proceed by assuming a functional prior to the ODE solution, which is then…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Yvann Le Fay , Simo Särkkä , Adrien Corenflos