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Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have emerged as one of the most studied topics in recent years, hailed as a transformative technology with the potential to revolutionize future wireless systems. While RISs are recognized for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Ferdi Kara , Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Emil Björnson

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Haijun Zhang

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a family of RIS architectures more flexible than conventional RIS. While BD-RIS has been primarily analyzed assuming uni-polarized systems, modern wireless deployments are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which enables advanced wave control through interconnection of RIS elements, are gaining growing recognition as a promising technology for 6G and beyond. However, the enhanced…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are rapidly gaining prominence in the realm of fifth generation (5G)-Advanced, and predominantly, sixth generation (6G) mobile networks, offering a revolutionary approach to optimizing wireless…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Ertugrul Basar , George C. Alexandropoulos , Yuanwei Liu , Qingqing Wu , Shi Jin , Chau Yuen , Octavia A. Dobre , Robert Schober

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) is a new advance in RIS techniques that introduces reconfigurable inter-element connections to generate scattering matrices not limited to being diagonal. BD-RIS has been recently…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-08 Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

The demanding objectives for the future sixth generation (6G) of wireless communication networks have spurred recent research efforts on novel materials and radio-frequency front-end architectures for wireless connectivity, as well as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Mengnan Jian , George C. Alexandropoulos , Ertugrul Basar , Chongwen Huang , Ruiqi Liu , Yuanwei Liu , Chau Yuen

This work studies the wideband modeling and beamforming design of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which generalizes and goes beyond conventional RIS with diagonal phase shift matrices to achieve enhanced channel…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of the wireless propagation environment and are key enablers for future networks. Beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) architectures enhance conventional RIS by interconnecting…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Matteo Nerini , Zheyu Wu , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), with the potential to realize a smart radio environment, have emerged as an energy-efficient and a cost-effective technology to support the services and demands foreseen for coming decades. By…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Sarah Basharat , Syed Ali Hassan , Haris Pervaiz , Aamir Mahmood , Zhiguo Ding , Mikael Gidlund

We present the first experimental prototype of a reflective beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), i.e., a RIS with reconfigurable inter-element connections. Our BD-RIS consists of an antenna array whose ports are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-20 Jean Tapie , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Philipp del Hougne

This work studies the modeling and optimization of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) aided wireless communication systems in the presence of mutual coupling among the RIS elements. Specifically, we first derive the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Matteo Nerini , Marco Di Renzo , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology in wireless communications, offering unprecedented control over signal propagation. This study focuses on passive beyond diagonal reconfigurable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-10 Ainna Yue Moreno-Locubiche , Josep Vidal

In this survey paper, we present an extensive review of the use of RIS in 6G radio localization, highlighting their pivotal role as a low-cost, energy-efficient technology that reshapes wireless communication and localization landscapes.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-05 Anum Umer , Ivo Müürsepp , Muhammad Mahtab Alam , Henk Wymeersch

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has been receiving a notable interest as an energy- and spectrum-efficient enabler for simultaneous communication and sensing. Notably, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is among the key…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Elmehdi Illi , Marwa Qaraqe

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-16 Fu Liu , Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has been proposed to generalize conventional RIS. BD-RIS has a scattering matrix that is not restricted to being diagonal and thus brings a performance improvement over…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing wireless communication by intelligently manipulating the propagation environment. This paper explores the potential of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-21 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), also known as intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), or large intelligent surfaces (LISs), have received significant attention for their potential to enhance the capacity and coverage of wireless…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-05 Yuanwei Liu , Xiao Liu , Xidong Mu , Tianwei Hou , Jiaqi Xu , Marco Di Renzo , Naofal Al-Dhahir