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Causality is essential for understanding complex systems, such as the economy, the brain, and the climate. Constructing causal graphs often relies on either data-driven or expert-driven approaches, both fraught with challenges. The former…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Kai-Hendrik Cohrs , Gherardo Varando , Emiliano Diaz , Vasileios Sitokonstantinou , Gustau Camps-Valls

This research addresses the challenge of conducting interpretable causal inference between a binary treatment and its resulting outcome when not all confounders are known. Confounders are factors that have an influence on both the treatment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Sohaib Kiani , Jared Barton , Jon Sushinsky , Lynda Heimbach , Bo Luo

Inferring the abstract relational and causal structure of the world is a major challenge for reinforcement-learning (RL) agents. For humans, language--particularly in the form of explanations--plays a considerable role in overcoming this…

Session-based Recommendation (SR) systems have recently achieved considerable success, yet their complex, "black box" nature often obscures why certain recommendations are made. Existing explanation methods struggle to pinpoint truly…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Han Zhou , Hui Fang , Zhu Sun , Wentao Hu

Sequential Recommender Systems (SRSs) have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in capturing users' evolving preferences. However, their inherent complexity as "black box" models poses significant challenges for explainability. This work…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Domiziano Scarcelli , Filippo Betello , Giuseppe Perelli , Fabrizio Silvestri , Gabriele Tolomei

Decision support systems for classification tasks are predominantly designed to predict the value of the ground truth labels. However, since their predictions are not perfect, these systems also need to make human experts understand when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Eleni Straitouri , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

Recommender systems usually learn user interests from various user behaviors, including clicks and post-click behaviors (e.g., like and favorite). However, these behaviors inevitably exhibit popularity bias, leading to some unfairness…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Xi Wang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Wenge Rong , Chuantao Yin , Zhang Xiong

Causality helps people reason about and understand complex systems, particularly through what-if analyses that explore how interventions might alter outcomes. Although existing methods embrace causal reasoning using interventions and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yanming Zhang , Krishnakumar Hegde , Klaus Mueller

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) that aims to reduce the opaqueness of AI-based decision-making systems, allowing humans to scrutinize and trust them. Prior work in this context has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Sainyam Galhotra , Romila Pradhan , Babak Salimi

In explanatory interactive learning (XIL) the user queries the learner, then the learner explains its answer to the user and finally the loop repeats. XIL is attractive for two reasons, (1) the learner becomes better and (2) the user's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Matej Zečević , Devendra Singh Dhami , Constantin A. Rothkopf , Kristian Kersting

Building explainable systems is a critical problem in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), since most machine learning models provide no explanations for the predictions. Existing approaches for explainable machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Hui Liu , Qingyu Yin , William Yang Wang

Text-based explainable recommendation aims to generate natural-language explanations that justify item recommendations, to improve user trust and system transparency. Although recent advances leverage LLMs to produce fluent outputs, a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ben Kabongo , Vincent Guigue

The explosive growth of information challenges people's capability in finding out items fitting to their own interests. Recommender systems provide an efficient solution by automatically push possibly relevant items to users according to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-01-16 Xuzhen Zhu , Hui Tian , Zheng Hu , Ping Zhang , Tao Zhou

Counterfactual explanations are emerging as an attractive option for providing recourse to individuals adversely impacted by algorithmic decisions. As they are deployed in critical applications (e.g. law enforcement, financial lending), it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Dylan Slack , Sophie Hilgard , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Sameer Singh

Machine Learning explainability techniques have been proposed as a means of `explaining' or interrogating a model in order to understand why a particular decision or prediction has been made. Such an ability is especially important at a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-28 Matthew J. Vowels

Explainable recommendation has attracted much attention from the industry and academic communities. It has shown great potential for improving the recommendation persuasiveness, informativeness and user satisfaction. Despite a lot of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Xu Chen , Jingsen Zhang , Lei Wang , Quanyu Dai , Zhenhua Dong , Ruiming Tang , Rui Zhang , Li Chen , Ji-Rong Wen

Latent factor models have achieved great success in personalized recommendations, but they are also notoriously difficult to explain. In this work, we integrate regression trees to guide the learning of latent factor models for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Yiyi Tao , Yiling Jia , Nan Wang , Hongning Wang

Explainability methods for NLP systems encounter a version of the fundamental problem of causal inference: for a given ground-truth input text, we never truly observe the counterfactual texts necessary for isolating the causal effects of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Zhengxuan Wu , Karel D'Oosterlinck , Atticus Geiger , Amir Zur , Christopher Potts

Reputation is crucial to enabling human or software agents to select among alternative providers. Although several effective reputation assessment methods exist, they typically distil reputation into a numerical representation, with no…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Ingrid Nunes , Phillip Taylor , Lina Barakat , Nathan Griffiths , Simon Miles

We propose a large language model explainability technique for obtaining faithful natural language explanations by grounding the explanations in a reasoning process. When converted to a sequence of tokens, the outputs of the reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Vojtech Cahlik , Rodrigo Alves , Pavel Kordik