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National Forest Inventory (NFI) data are typically limited to sparse networks of sample locations due to cost constraints. While design-based estimators provide reliable forest parameter estimates for large areas, there is increasing…

National forest inventory (NFI) data are often costly to collect, which inhibits efforts to estimate parameters of interest for small spatial, temporal, or biophysical domains. Traditionally, design-based estimators are used to estimate…

Spatially explicit data layers of tree species assemblages, referred to as forest types or forest type groups, are a key component in large-scale assessments of forest sustainability, biodiversity, timber biomass, carbon sinks and forest…

Applications · Statistics 2009-10-09 Andrew O. Finley , Sudipto Banerjee , Ronald E. McRoberts

National Forest Inventory (NFI) programs can provide vital information on the status, trend, and change in forest parameters. These programs are being increasingly asked to provide forest parameter estimates for spatial and temporal extents…

The United States (US) Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program operates the national forest inventory of the US. Traditionally, the FIA program has relied on sample-based approaches -- permanent plot networks and…

Applications · Statistics 2022-03-01 Hunter Stanke , Andrew O. Finley , Grant M. Domke

The USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program conducts a national forest inventory for the United States through a network of permanent field plots. FIA produces estimates of area averages and totals for plot-measured forest…

Applications · Statistics 2025-09-04 Paul B. May , Andrew O. Finley

A two-stage hierarchical Bayesian model is developed and implemented to estimate forest biomass density and total given sparsely sampled LiDAR and georeferenced forest inventory plot measurements. The model is motivated by the United States…

Large-scale forest resource maps based on national forest inventory (NFI) data and airborne laser scanning may facilitate synergies between NFIs and forest management inventories (FMIs). A comparison of models used in such a NFI-based map…

Applications · Statistics 2021-04-29 Johannes Rahlf , Marius Hauglin , Rasmus Astrup , Johannes Breidenbach

Nation-wide Sentinel-2 mosaics were used with National Forest Inventory (NFI) data for modelling and subsequent mapping of spruce, pine and deciduous forest in Norway in 16 m $\times$ 16 m resolution. The accuracies of the best model ranged…

The United States (US) Forest Inventory & Analysis Program (FIA) collects data on and monitors the trends of forests in the US. FIA is increasingly interested in monitoring forest attributes such as biomass at fine geographic and temporal…

Understanding historical forest dynamics, specifically changes in forest biomass and carbon stocks, has become critical for assessing current forest climate benefits and projecting future benefits under various policy, regulatory, and…

Applications · Statistics 2023-08-29 Lucas K. Johnson , Michael J. Mahoney , Madeleine L. Desrochers , Colin M. Beier

Occupancy models are frequently used by ecologists to quantify spatial variation in species distributions while accounting for observational biases in the collection of detection-nondetection data. However, the common assumption that a…

Traditional forest inventory systems, originally designed to quantify merchantable timber volume, often lack the spatial resolution and structural detail required for modern multi-resource ecosystem management. In this manuscript, we…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-13 Maxime Turgeon , Michael Kieser , Dwight Wolfe , Bruce MacArthur

Many forest management planning decisions are based on information about the number of trees by species and diameter per unit area. This information is commonly summarized in a stand table, where a stand is defined as a group of forest…

Applications · Statistics 2014-11-04 Andrew O. Finley , Sudipto Banerjee , Aaron R. Weiskittel , Chad Babcock , Bruce D. Cook

Joint modeling of spatially-oriented dependent variables is commonplace in the environmental sciences, where scientists seek to estimate the relationships among a set of environmental outcomes accounting for dependence among these outcomes…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-22 Lu Zhang , Sudipto Banerjee , Andrew O. Finley

Environmental data may be "large" due to number of records, number of covariates, or both. Random forests has a reputation for good predictive performance when using many covariates with nonlinear relationships, whereas spatial regression,…

Applications · Statistics 2018-12-27 Eric W. Fox , Jay M. Ver Hoef , Anthony R. Olsen

Remote sensing observations are extensively used for analysis of environmental variables. These variables often exhibit spatial correlation, which has to be accounted for in the calibration models used in predictions, either by direct…

Applications · Statistics 2017-02-14 Virpi Junttila , Marko Laine

This paper promotes the use of random forests as versatile tools for estimating spatially disaggregated indicators in the presence of small area-specific sample sizes. Small area estimators are predominantly conceptualized within the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-19 Patrick Krennmair , Timo Schmid

In large-area forest inventories a trade-off between the amount of data to be sampled and the costs of collecting the data is necessary. It is not always possible to have a very large data sample when dealing with sampling-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Jonne Pohjankukka , Sakari Tuominen , Jukka Heikkonen

Multivariate spatially-oriented data sets are prevalent in the environmental and physical sciences. Scientists seek to jointly model multiple variables, each indexed by a spatial location, to capture any underlying spatial association for…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-19 Lu Zhang , Sudipto Banerjee
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