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Related papers: Decoding Safety Feedback from Diverse Raters: A Da…

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AI systems crucially rely on human ratings, but these ratings are often aggregated, obscuring the inherent diversity of perspectives in real-world phenomenon. This is particularly concerning when evaluating the safety of generative AI,…

In this paper, we present findings from an semi-experimental exploration of rater diversity and its influence on safety annotations of conversations generated by humans talking to a generative AI-chat bot. We find significant differences in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Lora Aroyo , Mark Diaz , Christopher Homan , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Alex Taylor , Ding Wang

Current text-to-image (T2I) models often fail to account for diverse human experiences, leading to misaligned systems. We advocate for pluralistic alignment, where an AI understands and is steerable towards diverse, and often conflicting,…

Large Language Model (LLM) safety is inherently pluralistic, reflecting variations in moral norms, cultural expectations, and demographic contexts. Yet, existing alignment datasets such as ANTHROPIC-HH and DICES rely on demographically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Usman Naseem , Gautam Siddharth Kashyap , Sushant Kumar Ray , Rafiq Ali , Ebad Shabbir , Abdullah Mohammad

Current AI safety frameworks, which often treat harmfulness as binary, lack the flexibility to handle borderline cases where humans meaningfully disagree. To build more pluralistic systems, it is essential to move beyond consensus and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jing-Jing Li , Joel Mire , Eve Fleisig , Valentina Pyatkin , Anne Collins , Maarten Sap , Sydney Levine

Safety policies define what constitutes safe and unsafe AI outputs, guiding data annotation and model development. However, annotation disagreement is pervasive and can stem from multiple sources such as operational failures (annotators…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Alex Oesterling , Donghao Ren , Yannick Assogba , Dominik Moritz , Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Leon Gatys , Fred Hohman

As generative AI models such as large language models (LLMs) become more pervasive, ensuring the safety, robustness, and overall trustworthiness of these systems is paramount. However, AI is currently facing a reproducibility crisis driven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Deepak Pandita , Flip Korn , Chris Welty , Christopher M. Homan

Machine learning approaches often require training and evaluation datasets with a clear separation between positive and negative examples. This risks simplifying and even obscuring the inherent subjectivity present in many tasks. Preserving…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Lora Aroyo , Alex S. Taylor , Mark Diaz , Christopher M. Homan , Alicia Parrish , Greg Serapio-Garcia , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Ding Wang

Although large language models (LLMs) are increasingly trained using human feedback for safety and alignment with human values, alignment decisions often overlook human social diversity. This study examines how incorporating pluralistic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Dalia Ali , Dora Zhao , Allison Koenecke , Orestis Papakyriakopoulos

Understanding what constitutes safety in AI-generated content is complex. While developers often rely on predefined taxonomies, real-world safety judgments also involve personal, social, and cultural perceptions of harm. This paper examines…

Evaluations of generative AI models often collapse nuanced behaviour into a single number computed for a single decoding configuration. Such point estimates obscure tail risks, demographic disparities, and the existence of multiple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yanan Long

Consider a scenario where a harmfulness evaluation metric intended to filter unsafe responses from a Large Language Model. When applied to individual harmful prompt-response pairs, it correctly flags them as unsafe by assigning a high-risk…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Ora Nova Fandina , Leshem Choshen , Eitan Farchi , George Kour , Yotam Perlitz , Orna Raz

Human feedback is essential for building human-centered AI systems across domains where disagreement is prevalent, such as AI safety, content moderation, or sentiment analysis. Many disagreements, particularly in politically charged…

Human annotation plays a core role in machine learning -- annotations for supervised models, safety guardrails for generative models, and human feedback for reinforcement learning, to cite a few avenues. However, the fact that many of these…

Conversational AI systems exhibit a level of human-like behavior that promises to have profound impacts on many aspects of daily life -- how people access information, create content, and seek social support. Yet these models have also…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Christopher M. Homan , Greg Serapio-Garcia , Lora Aroyo , Mark Diaz , Alicia Parrish , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Alex S. Taylor , Ding Wang

Various AI safety datasets have been developed to measure LLMs against evolving interpretations of harm. Our evaluation of five recently published open-source safety benchmarks reveals distinct semantic clusters using UMAP dimensionality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jonathan Bennion , Shaona Ghosh , Mantek Singh , Nouha Dziri

In many areas of data mining, data is collected from humans beings. In this contribution, we ask the question of how people actually respond to ordinal scales. The main problem observed is that users tend to be volatile in their choices,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2017-03-01 Kevin Jasberg , Sergej Sizov

Vehicle performance metrics analyze data sets consisting of subject vehicle's interactions with other road users in a nominal driving environment and provide certain performance measures as outputs. To the best of the authors' knowledge,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Harnarayan Singh , Bowen Weng , Sughosh J. Rao , Devin Elsasser

Artificial intelligence (AI) is interacting with people at an unprecedented scale, offering new avenues for immense positive impact, but also raising widespread concerns around the potential for individual and societal harm. Today, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Andrea Bajcsy , Jaime F. Fisac

As generative large model capabilities advance, safety concerns become more pronounced in their outputs. To ensure the sustainable growth of the AI ecosystem, it's imperative to undertake a holistic evaluation and refinement of associated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Jiawen Deng , Jiale Cheng , Hao Sun , Zhexin Zhang , Minlie Huang
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