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Related papers: Decoding Safety Feedback from Diverse Raters: A Da…

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Generative AI systems are increasingly assisting and acting on behalf of end users in practical settings, from digital shopping assistants to next-generation autonomous cars. In this context, safety is no longer about blocking harmful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ravi Pandya , Madison Bland , Duy P. Nguyen , Changliu Liu , Jaime Fernández Fisac , Andrea Bajcsy

Time series anomaly detection is widely used in IoT and cyber-physical systems, yet its evaluation remains challenging due to diverse application objectives and heterogeneous metric assumptions. This study introduces a problem-oriented…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kaixiang Yang , Jiarong Liu , Yupeng Song , Shuanghua Yang , Yujue Zhou

Safety evaluations of large language models (LLMs) typically focus on universal risks like dangerous capabilities or undesirable propensities. However, millions use LLMs for personal advice on high-stakes topics like finance and health,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Manon Kempermann , Sai Suresh Macharla Vasu , Mahalakshmi Raveenthiran , Theo Farrell , Ingmar Weber

The creation of benchmarks to evaluate the safety of Large Language Models is one of the key activities within the trusted AI community. These benchmarks allow models to be compared for different aspects of safety such as toxicity, bias,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Lina Berrayana , Sean Rooney , Luis Garcés-Erice , Ioana Giurgiu

Despite the remarkable proficiency of \textit{Large Reasoning Models} (LRMs) in handling complex reasoning tasks, their reliability in safety-critical scenarios remains uncertain. Existing evaluations primarily assess response-level safety,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Baihui Zheng , Boren Zheng , Kerui Cao , Yingshui Tan , Zhendong Liu , Weixun Wang , Jiaheng Liu , Jian Yang , Wenbo Su , Xiaoyong Zhu , Bo Zheng , Kaifu Zhang

Every year, thousands of people receive consumer product related injuries. Research indicates that online customer reviews can be processed to autonomously identify product safety issues. Early identification of safety issues can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Graham Bleaney , Matthew Kuzyk , Julian Man , Hossein Mayanloo , H. R. Tizhoosh

Since state-of-the-art approaches to offensive language detection rely on supervised learning, it is crucial to quickly adapt them to the continuously evolving scenario of social media. While several approaches have been proposed to tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Elisa Leonardelli , Stefano Menini , Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Marco Guerini , Sara Tonelli

Generative AI systems produce a range of risks. To ensure the safety of generative AI systems, these risks must be evaluated. In this paper, we make two main contributions toward establishing such evaluations. First, we propose a…

Evaluating the safety of AI Systems is a pressing concern for organizations deploying them. In addition to the societal damage done by the lack of fairness of those systems, deployers are concerned about the legal repercussions and the…

Safety evaluations of large language models (LLMs) typically report binary outcomes, i.e. attack success rate (ASR), refusal rate, or harmful versus safe classification, which hide how risk changes between prompt and response. We present a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Mengya Hu , Qiong Wei , Sandeep Atluri

Supervised classification heavily depends on datasets annotated by humans. However, in subjective tasks such as toxicity classification, these annotations often exhibit low agreement among raters. Annotations have commonly been aggregated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Negar Mokhberian , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Frederic R. Hopp , Valerio Basile , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Safety alignment is an essential research topic for real-world AI applications. Despite the multifaceted nature of safety and trustworthiness in AI, current safety alignment methods often focus on a comprehensive notion of safety. By…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Thien Q. Tran , Akifumi Wachi , Rei Sato , Takumi Tanabe , Youhei Akimoto

Sentiment Analysis Systems (SASs) are data-driven Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that, given a piece of text, assign one or more numbers conveying the polarity and emotional intensity expressed in the input. Like other automatic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Kausik Lakkaraju , Biplav Srivastava , Marco Valtorta

Deep neural networks have become widely used, obtaining remarkable results in domains such as computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, audio recognition, social network filtering, machine translation, and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Divya Gopinath , Guy Katz , Corina S. Pasareanu , Clark Barrett

Though majority vote among annotators is typically used for ground truth labels in natural language processing, annotator disagreement in tasks such as hate speech detection may reflect differences in opinion across groups, not noise. Thus,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Eve Fleisig , Rediet Abebe , Dan Klein

As generative AI systems are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, regulating multiple dimensions of model behavior has become essential. We focus on test-time filtering: a lightweight mechanism for behavior control that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-01 Sunay Joshi , Yan Sun , Hamed Hassani , Edgar Dobriban

The rapid development of generative AI has brought value- and ethics-related risks to the forefront, making value safety a critical concern while a unified consensus remains lacking. In this work, we propose an internationally inclusive and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Ying He , Baiyang Li , Yule Cao , Huirun Xu , Qiuxian Chen , Shu Chen , Shangsheng Ren

Prior studies show that adopting the annotation diversity shaped by different backgrounds and life experiences and incorporating them into the model learning, i.e. multi-perspective approach, contribute to the development of more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Benedetta Muscato , Praveen Bushipaka , Gizem Gezici , Lucia Passaro , Fosca Giannotti , Tommaso Cucinotta

Ensuring safety is the primary objective of automated driving, which necessitates a comprehensive and accurate perception of the environment. While numerous performance evaluation metrics exist for assessing perception capabilities,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Jörg Gamerdinger , Sven Teufel , Stephan Amann , Oliver Bringmann

The rapid entry of machine learning approaches in our daily activities and high-stakes domains demands transparency and scrutiny of their fairness and reliability. To help gauge machine learning models' robustness, research typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Oana Inel , Tim Draws , Lora Aroyo