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Commodity memory interfaces have difficulty in scaling memory capacity to meet the needs of modern multicore and big data systems. DRAM device density and maximum device count are constrained by technology, package, and signal in- tegrity…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2015-05-14 Zehan Cui , Tianyue Lu , Haiyang Pan , Sally A. Mckee , Mingyu Chen

Over the past two decades, the storage capacity and access bandwidth of main memory have improved tremendously, by 128x and 20x, respectively. These improvements are mainly due to the continuous technology scaling of DRAM (dynamic…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-12-25 Kevin K. Chang

Memory latency, bandwidth, capacity, and energy increasingly limit performance. In this paper, we reconsider proposed system architectures that consist of huge (many-terabyte to petabyte scale) memories shared among large numbers of CPUs.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Samuel Dayo , Shuhan Liu , Peijing Li , Philip Levis , Subhasish Mitra , Thierry Tambe , David Tennenhouse , H. -S. Philip Wong

Non-volatile, byte addressable, memory technology with performance close to main memory promises to revolutionise computing systems in the near future. Such memory technology provides the potential for extremely large memory regions (i.e. >…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Adrian Jackson , Michele Weiland , Mark Parsons , Bernhard Homoelle

The rapid growth of data-intensive applications such as generative AI, scientific simulations, and large-scale analytics is driving modern supercomputers and data centers toward increasingly heterogeneous and tightly integrated…

This paper presents a novel IP design for real-time fault/error detection and recovery on a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) which interfaces a host system (here a PC) to a slave design including processing system and memory…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-13 Mostafa Darvishi

Reducing latency and energy consumption is critical to improving the efficiency of memory systems in modern computing. This work introduces ReLMXEL (Reinforcement Learning for Memory Controller with Explainable Energy and Latency…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Panuganti Chirag Sai , Gandholi Sarat , R. Raghunatha Sarma , Venkata Kalyan Tavva , Naveen M

Equipping large language models (LLMs) with latent-space memory has attracted increasing attention as they can extend the context window of existing language models. However, retaining information from the distant past remains a challenge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yu Wang , Dmitry Krotov , Yuanzhe Hu , Yifan Gao , Wangchunshu Zhou , Julian McAuley , Dan Gutfreund , Rogerio Feris , Zexue He

Efficiently serving Large Language Models (LLMs) requires selecting an optimal parallel execution plan, balancing computation, memory, and communication overhead. However, determining the best strategy is challenging due to varying…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Yi-Chien Lin , Woosuk Kwon , Ronald Pineda , Fanny Nina Paravecino

Modern high-performance architectures employ large last-level caches (LLCs). While large LLCs can reduce average memory access latency for workloads with a high degree of locality, they can also increase latency for workloads with irregular…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Hoa Nguyen , Pongstorn Maidee , Jason Lowe-Power , Alireza Kaviani

For decades, memory capabilities have scaled up much slower than compute capabilities, leaving memory utilization as a major bottleneck. Prefetching and cache hierarchies mitigate this in applications with easily predictable memory accesses…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Dawson Fox , Jose Monsalve Diaz , Xiaoming Li

Modern large language models (LLMs) rely on system prompts to establish behavioral constraints and safety rules. Standard causal self-attention treats privileged instructions and untrusted user content with equal structural priority -- a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Li Lixing

On the way to Exascale, programmers face the increasing challenge of having to support multiple hardware architectures from the same code base. At the same time, portability of code and performance are increasingly difficult to achieve as…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Thomas Heller , Hartmut Kaiser , Patrick Diehl , Dietmar Fey , Marc Alexander Schweitzer

Memory disaggregation can potentially allow memory-optimized range indexes such as B+-trees to scale beyond one machine while attaining high hardware utilization and low cost. Designing scalable indexes on disaggregated memory, however, is…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Baotong Lu , Kaisong Huang , Chieh-Jan Mike Liang , Tianzheng Wang , Eric Lo

Remote procedure calls are the workhorse of distributed systems. However, as software engineering trends, such as micro-services and serverless computing, push applications towards ever finer-grained decompositions, the overhead of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Peter Alvaro , Matthew Adiletta , Adrian Cockroft , Frank Hady , Ramesh Illikkal , Esteban Ramos , James Tsai , Robert Soulé

Memory management is necessary with the increasing number of multi-connected AI devices and data bandwidth issues. For this purpose, high-speed multi-port memory is used. The traditional multi-port memory solutions are hard-bounded to a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Narendra Singh Dhakad , Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma

Conventional wisdom holds that an efficient interface between an OS running on a CPU and a high-bandwidth I/O device should use Direct Memory Access (DMA) to offload data transfer, descriptor rings for buffering and queuing, and interrupts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Anastasiia Ruzhanskaia , Pengcheng Xu , David Cock , Timothy Roscoe

We consider a simple network consisting of a source, a half-duplex DF relay with a buffer, and a destination. We assume that the direct source-destination link is not available and all links undergo fading. We propose two new buffer-aided…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-02-19 Nikola Zlatanov , Robert Schober

TCP/IP network stack is irreplaceable for Web services in datacenter front-end servers, and the demand for which is growing rapidly for emerging high concurrency network service applications (including Internet, Internet of Things, mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-18 WL Zhang , YF Shen , H Song , Zh Zhang , K Liu , Q Huang , MY Chen

We present a novel bi-directional Transformer architecture (BiXT) which scales linearly with input size in terms of computational cost and memory consumption, but does not suffer the drop in performance or limitation to only one input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Markus Hiller , Krista A. Ehinger , Tom Drummond