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Constrained non-convex optimization is fundamentally challenging, as global solutions are generally intractable and constraint qualifications may not hold. However, in many applications, including safe policy optimization in control and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-14 Ilyas Fatkhullin , Niao He , Guanghui Lan , Florian Wolf

Bilevel optimization has witnessed a resurgence of interest, driven by its critical role in trustworthy and efficient AI applications. While many recent works have established convergence to stationary points or local minima, obtaining the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

The choice of optimiser is important in deep learning, as it strongly influences model efficiency and speed of convergence. However, many commonly used optimisers encounter difficulties when applied to imbalanced and sequential datasets,…

Adam is one of the most popular optimization algorithms in deep learning. However, it is known that Adam does not converge in theory unless choosing a hyperparameter, i.e., $\beta_2$, in a problem-dependent manner. There have been many…

In this paper, we present a cross-entropy optimization method for hyperparameter optimization in stochastic gradient-based approaches to train deep neural networks. The value of a hyperparameter of a learning algorithm often has great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Kevin Li , Fulu Li

Hierarchical optimization refers to problems with interdependent decision variables and objectives, such as minimax and bilevel formulations. While various algorithms have been proposed, existing methods and analyses lack adaptivity in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

Decentralized stochastic bilevel optimization (DSBO) is a powerful tool for various machine learning tasks, including decentralized meta-learning and hyperparameter tuning. Existing DSBO methods primarily address problems with strongly…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Yaoshuai Ma , Xiao Wang , Wei Yao , Jin Zhang

Adam and RMSProp are two of the most influential adaptive stochastic algorithms for training deep neural networks, which have been pointed out to be divergent even in the convex setting via a few simple counterexamples. Many attempts, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Fangyu Zou , Li Shen , Zequn Jie , Weizhong Zhang , Wei Liu

Bilevel optimization, addressing challenges in hierarchical learning tasks, has gained significant interest in machine learning. The practical implementation of the gradient descent method to bilevel optimization encounters computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Sheng Fang , Yong-Jin Liu , Wei Yao , Chengming Yu , Jin Zhang

Deep neural network learning can be formulated as a non-convex optimization problem. Existing optimization algorithms, e.g., Adam, can learn the models fast, but may get stuck in local optima easily. In this paper, we introduce a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Jiawei Zhang , Fisher B. Gouza

Many large-scale constrained optimization problems can be formulated as bilevel distributed optimization tasks over undirected networks, where agents collaborate to minimize a global cost function while adhering to constraints, relying only…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Ajay Tak , Mayank Baranwal

Stochastic Bilevel Optimization has emerged as a fundamental framework for meta-learning and hyperparameter optimization. Despite the practical prevalence of single-loop algorithms--which update lower and upper variables concurrently--their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yubo Zhou , Luo Luo , Guang Dai , Haishan Ye

Several important problem settings within the literature of reinforcement learning (RL), such as meta-learning, hierarchical learning, and RL from human feedback (RL-HF), can be modelled as bilevel RL problems. A lot has been achieved in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Naman Saxena , Vaneet Aggarwal

Bilevel optimization involves a hierarchical structure where one problem is nested within another, leading to complex interdependencies between levels. We propose a single-loop, tuning-free algorithm that guarantees anytime feasibility,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-15 Sina Sharifi , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Mahyar Fazlyab

Adaptive gradient methods have shown excellent performances for solving many machine learning problems. Although multiple adaptive gradient methods were recently studied, they mainly focus on either empirical or theoretical aspects and also…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-13 Feihu Huang , Junyi Li , Heng Huang

We study bilevel optimization problems where the lower-level problems are strongly convex and have coupled linear constraints. To overcome the potential non-smoothness of the hyper-objective and the computational challenges associated with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Wei Shen , Jiawei Zhang , Minhui Huang , Cong Shen

This work focuses on addressing two major challenges in the context of large-scale nonconvex Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) problems, which are increasingly applied in machine learning due to their ability to model nested structures. These…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-17 Risheng Liu , Zhu Liu , Wei Yao , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

We provide a simple proof of convergence covering both the Adam and Adagrad adaptive optimization algorithms when applied to smooth (possibly non-convex) objective functions with bounded gradients. We show that in expectation, the squared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-18 Alexandre Défossez , Léon Bottou , Francis Bach , Nicolas Usunier

We consider the standard optimistic bilevel optimization problem, in particular upper- and lower-level constraints can be coupled. By means of the lower-level value function, the problem is transformed into a single-level optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-17 Andreas Fischer , Alain B. Zemkoho , Shenglong Zhou

In this paper, a general stochastic optimization procedure is studied, unifying several variants of the stochastic gradient descent such as, among others, the stochastic heavy ball method, the Stochastic Nesterov Accelerated Gradient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-13 A. Barakat , P. Bianchi , W. Hachem , Sh. Schechtman
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