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Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a critical task in computational pathology. However, the gigapixel-size of such images remains a major challenge for the current state of deep-learning. Current methods rely on multiple-instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Etienne Pochet , Rami Maroun , Roger Trullo

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) exhibit hierarchical structure, where diagnostic information emerges from cellular morphology, regional tissue organization, and global context. Existing Computational Pathology (CPath) Multimodal Large Language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Basit Alawode , Arif Mahmood , Muaz Khalifa Al-Radi , Shahad Albastaki , Asim Khan , Muhammad Bilal , Moshira Ali Abdalla , Mohammed Bennamoun , Sajid Javed

Digital whole slide images (WSIs) are generally captured at microscopic resolution and encompass extensive spatial data. Directly feeding these images to deep learning models is computationally intractable due to memory constraints, while…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-22 Manahil Raza , Ruqayya Awan , Raja Muhammad Saad Bashir , Talha Qaiser , Nasir M. Rajpoot

Recent advancements in computational pathology have produced patch-level Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), but these models are limited by their inability to analyze whole slide images (WSIs) comprehensively and their tendency to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yuci Liang , Xinheng Lyu , Wenting Chen , Meidan Ding , Jipeng Zhang , Xiangjian He , Song Wu , Xiaohan Xing , Sen Yang , Xiyue Wang , Linlin Shen

Analyzing high resolution whole slide images (WSIs) with regard to information across multiple scales poses a significant challenge in digital pathology. Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a common solution for working with high resolution…

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been widely used for representing whole-slide pathology images. However, spatial, semantic, and decision entanglements among instances limit its representation and interpretability. To address these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Chentao Li , Behzad Bozorgtabar , Yifang Ping , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) play a crucial role in accurate cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as they provide tissue details at the cellular level. However, the rapid growth of computational tasks involving WSIs poses significant challenges.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Doanh C. Bui , Hoai Luan Pham , Vu Trung Duong Le , Tuan Hai Vu , Van Duy Tran , Khang Nguyen , Yasuhiko Nakashima

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) and transformers are increasingly popular in histopathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, unlike human pathologists who selectively observe specific regions of histopathology tissues under…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Conghao Xiong , Hao Chen , Joseph J. Y. Sung , Irwin King

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as the best solution for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. It consists of dividing each slide into patches, which are treated as a bag of instances labeled with a global label. MIL includes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Ali Mammadov , Loic Le Folgoc , Julien Adam , Anne Buronfosse , Gilles Hayem , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Whole-slide image (WSI) analysis is challenging due to the gigapixel scale of slides and their inherent hierarchical multi-resolution structure. Existing multiple instance learning (MIL) approaches often model WSIs as unordered collections…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Dongqing Xie , Yonghuang Wu

In histopathology, intelligent diagnosis of Whole Slide Images (WSIs) is essential for automating and objectifying diagnoses, reducing the workload of pathologists. However, diagnostic models often face the challenge of forgetting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Weixi Zheng , Aoling Huang , Jingping Yuan , Haoyu Zhao , Zhou Zhao , Yongchao Xu , Thierry Géraud

Whole-slide image (WSI) analysis remains challenging due to the gigapixel scale and sparsely distributed diagnostic regions. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) mitigates this by modeling the WSI as bags of patches for slide-level prediction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yujian Liu , Yuechuan Lin , Dongxu Shen , Haoran Li , Yutong Wang , Xiaoli Liu , Shidang Xu

Whole slide images (WSI) are microscopy images of stained tissue slides routinely prepared for diagnosis and treatment selection in medical practice. WSI are very large (gigapixel size) and complex (made of up to millions of cells). The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Tristan Lazard , Marvin Lerousseau , Etienne Decencière , Thomas Walter

Supervised learning tasks such as cancer survival prediction from gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) are a critical challenge in computational pathology that requires modeling complex features of the tumor microenvironment. These learning…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-22 Iain Carmichael , Andrew H. Song , Richard J. Chen , Drew F. K. Williamson , Tiffany Y. Chen , Faisal Mahmood

A Whole Slide Image (WSI) is a high-resolution digital image created by scanning an entire glass slide containing a biological specimen, such as tissue sections or cell samples, at multiple magnifications. These images are digitally…

Fine-grained classification of whole slide images (WSIs) is essential in precision oncology, enabling precise cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. The core of this task involves distinguishing subtle morphological…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Cheng Jin , Luyang Luo , Huangjing Lin , Jun Hou , Hao Chen

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) has shown impressive performance for histopathology whole slide image (WSI) analysis using bags or pseudo-bags. It involves instance sampling, feature representation, and decision-making. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Tingting Zheng , Kui Jiang , Hongxun Yao

Few-shot Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification is severely hampered by overfitting. We argue that this is not merely a data-scarcity issue but a fundamentally geometric problem. Grounded in the manifold hypothesis, our analysis shows that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Conghao Xiong , Zhengrui Guo , Zhe Xu , Yifei Zhang , Raymond Kai-Yu Tong , Si Yong Yeo , Hao Chen , Joseph J. Y. Sung , Irwin King

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in histopathology to classify Whole Slide Images (WSIs) with slide-level diagnoses. While the ground truth is established by expert pathologists, the slides can be difficult to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Marie Arrivat , Rémy Peyret , Elsa Angelini , Pietro Gori

Computational pathology holds substantial promise for improving diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions. Recent pathology foundation models enable the extraction of rich patch-level representations from large-scale whole-slide images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xiangde Luo , Jinxi Xiang , Yuanfeng Ji , Ruijiang Li