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Bag-based Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) approaches have emerged as the mainstream methodology for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, most existing methods adopt a segmented training strategy, which first extracts features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Jiangping Wen , Jinyu Wen , Meie Fang

Whole Slide Imaging (WSI), which involves high-resolution digital scans of pathology slides, has become the gold standard for cancer diagnosis, but its gigapixel resolution and the scarcity of annotated datasets present challenges for deep…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-03 Rita Pereira , M. Rita Verdelho , Catarina Barata , Carlos Santiago

Recently, pathological diagnosis has achieved superior performance by combining deep learning models with the multiple instance learning (MIL) framework using whole slide images (WSIs). However, the giga-pixeled nature of WSIs poses a great…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Zijie Fang , Yifeng Wang , Ye Zhang , Zhi Wang , Jian Zhang , Xiangyang Ji , Yongbing Zhang

Existing WSI analysis methods lie on the consensus that histopathological characteristics of tumors are significant guidance for cancer diagnostics. Particularly, as the evolution of cancers is a continuous process, the correlations and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Tong Shu , Jun Shi , Dongdong Sun , Zhiguo Jiang , Yushan Zheng

Whole Slide Image (WSI) analysis is a powerful method to facilitate the diagnosis of cancer in tissue samples. Automating this diagnosis poses various issues, most notably caused by the immense image resolution and limited annotations. WSIs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Ahmet Gokberk Gul , Oezdemir Cetin , Christoph Reich , Tim Prangemeier , Nadine Flinner , Heinz Koeppl

Digital pathology has revolutionized the field by enabling the digitization of tissue samples into whole slide images (WSIs). However, the high resolution and large size of WSIs present significant challenges when it comes to applying Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ali Mammadov , Loïc Le Folgoc , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has great potential to improve health outcomes by training systems on vast digitized clinical datasets. Computational Pathology, with its massive amounts of microscopy image data and impact on diagnostics and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-24 Gabriele Campanella , Eugene Fluder , Jennifer Zeng , Chad Vanderbilt , Thomas J. Fuchs

Whole slide imaging is routinely adopted for carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis. Abundant experience is required for pathologists to achieve accurate and reliable diagnostic results of whole slide images (WSI). The huge size and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Pingyi Chen , Chenglu Zhu , Sunyi Zheng , Honglin Li , Lin Yang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a powerful approach to classify whole slide images (WSIs) for diagnostic pathology. A fundamental challenge of MIL on WSI classification is to discover the \textit{critical instances} that trigger the bag…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Zhikang Wang , Yue Bi , Tong Pan , Xiaoyu Wang , Chris Bain , Richard Bassed , Seiya Imoto , Jianhua Yao , Jiangning Song

Histopathology image analysis is the golden standard of clinical diagnosis for Cancers. In doctors daily routine and computer-aided diagnosis, the Whole Slide Image (WSI) of histopathology tissue is used for analysis. Because of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Honglin Li , Yunlong Zhang , Chenglu Zhu , Jiatong Cai , Sunyi Zheng , Lin Yang

Whole Slide Image (WSI) representation is critical for cancer subtyping, cancer recognition and mutation prediction.Training an end-to-end WSI representation model poses significant challenges, as a standard gigapixel slide can contain tens…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Jing Jin , Xu Liu , Te Gao , Zhihong Shi , Yixiong Liang , Ruiqing Zheng , Hulin Kuang , Min Zeng , Shichao Kan

Learning suitable Whole slide images (WSIs) representations for efficient retrieval systems is a non-trivial task. The WSI embeddings obtained from current methods are in Euclidean space not ideal for efficient WSI retrieval. Furthermore,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Sobhan Hemati , Shivam Kalra , Morteza Babaie , H. R. Tizhoosh

Whole slide image (WSI) classification requires repetitive zoom-in and out for pathologists, as only small portions of the slide may be relevant to detecting cancer. Due to the lack of patch-level labels, multiple instance learning (MIL) is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Seongho Keum , Sanghyun Kim , Soojeong Lee , Juho Lee

In digital pathology, Whole Slide Image (WSI) analysis is usually formulated as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem. Although transformer-based architectures have been used for WSI classification, these methods require modifications…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Juan I. Pisula , Katarzyna Bozek

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification is a challenging task because 1) patches from WSI lack annotation, and 2) WSI possesses unnecessary variability, e.g., stain protocol. Recently, Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) has made significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Joohyung Lee , Heejeong Nam , Kwanhyung Lee , Sangchul Hahn

Learning good representation of giga-pixel level whole slide pathology images (WSI) for downstream tasks is critical. Previous studies employ multiple instance learning (MIL) to represent WSIs as bags of sampled patches because, for most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Chunyuan Li , Xinliang Zhu , Jiawen Yao , Junzhou Huang

In recent years, the integration of pre-trained foundational models with multiple instance learning (MIL) has improved diagnostic accuracy in computational pathology. However, existing MIL methods focus on optimizing feature extractors and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Le Feng , Li Xiao

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the preferred approach for whole slide image classification. However, most MIL approaches do not exploit the interdependencies of tiles extracted from a whole slide image, which could provide valuable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Marvin Lerousseau , Maria Vakalopoulou , Eric Deutsch , Nikos Paragios

Survival prediction based on whole slide images (WSIs) is a challenging task for patient-level multiple instance learning (MIL). Due to the vast amount of data for a patient (one or multiple gigapixels WSIs) and the irregularly shaped…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Zhuchen Shao , Yang Chen , Hao Bian , Jian Zhang , Guojun Liu , Yongbing Zhang

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a fundamental task for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases; but, curation of accurate labels is time-consuming and limits the application of fully-supervised methods. To address this, multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Philip Chikontwe , Soo Jeong Nam , Heounjeong Go , Meejeong Kim , Hyun Jung Sung , Sang Hyun Park