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Relational databases often suffer from uninformative descriptors of table contents, such as ambiguous columns and hard-to-interpret values, impacting both human users and text-to-SQL models. In this paper, we explore the use of large…

A practical text-to-SQL system should generalize well on a wide variety of natural language questions, unseen database schemas, and novel SQL query structures. To comprehensively evaluate text-to-SQL systems, we introduce a UNIfied…

Text-to-SQL enables natural access to databases, yet most benchmarks are English-only, limiting multilingual progress. We introduce MultiSpider 2.0, extending Spider 2.0 to eight languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Khanh Trinh Pham , Thu Huong Nguyen , Jun Jo , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Thanh Tam Nguyen

Large language models (LLMs) have been successfully applied to many tasks, including text-to-SQL generation. However, much of this work has focused on publicly available datasets, such as Fiben, Spider, and Bird. Our earlier work showed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fabian Wenz , Omar Bouattour , Devin Yang , Justin Choi , Cecil Gregg , Nesime Tatbul , Çağatay Demiralp

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with the precise logic and schema alignment required for complex Text-to-SQL tasks. While current methods rely heavily on static prompting, they lack the ability to dynamically adapt and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haolin Yang , Jipeng Zhang , Zhitao He , Alexander Zhou , Yi R. Fung

The text-to-SQL task is an active challenge in Natural Language Processing. Many existing solutions focus on using black-box language models extended with specialized components within customized end-to-end text-to-SQL pipelines. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Alicja Rączkowska , Riccardo Belluzzo , Piotr Zieliński , Joanna Baran , Paweł Olszewski

Text-to-SQL is a critical task in natural language processing that aims to transform natural language questions into accurate and executable SQL queries. In real-world scenarios, these reasoning tasks are often accompanied by complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tao Liu , Xutao Mao , Hongying Zan , Dixuan Zhang , Yifan Li , Haixin Liu , Lulu Kong , Jiaming Hou , Rui Li , YunLong Li , aoze zheng , Zhiqiang Zhang , Luo Zhewei , Kunli Zhang , Min Peng

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in bridging the gap between natural language queries and database management systems, enabling users to interact with databases without the background of SQL. However,…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Qinggang Zhang , Hao Chen , Junnan Dong , Shengyuan Chen , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have propelled research in natural language interfaces to databases. However, most state-of-the-art text-to-SQL systems still depend on complex, multi-stage pipelines. This work proposes a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fernando Granado , Roberto Lotufo , Jayr Pereira

The advancements of Large language models (LLMs) have provided great opportunities to text-to-SQL tasks to overcome the main challenges to understand complex domain information and complex database structures in business applications. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Wenda Zhang

The development of high-performance, on-device keyword spotting (KWS) systems for ultra-low-power hardware is critically constrained by the scarcity of specialized, multi-command training datasets. Traditional data collection through human…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Lu Gan , Xi Li

LLMs when used with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), are greatly improving the SOTA of translating natural language queries to structured and correct SQL. Unlike previous reviews, this survey provides a comprehensive study of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Ali Mohammadjafari , Anthony S. Maida , Raju Gottumukkala

SQL is central to enterprise data engineering, yet generating fully correct SQL code in a single attempt remains difficult, even for experienced developers and advanced text-to-SQL LLMs, often requiring multiple debugging iterations. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jing Ye , Yiwen Duan , Yonghong Yu , Victor Ma , Yang Gao , Xing Chen

Text-to-SQL parsing involves the translation of natural language queries (NLQs) into their corresponding SQL commands. A principal challenge within this domain is the formulation of SQL queries that are not only syntactically correct but…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xiping Liu , Zhao Tan

Calibration is crucial as large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to convert natural language queries into SQL for commercial databases. In this work, we investigate calibration techniques for assigning confidence to…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Ashwin Ramachandran , Sunita Sarawagi

Relational databases excel at structured data analysis, but real-world queries increasingly require capabilities beyond standard SQL, such as semantically matching entities across inconsistent names, extracting information not explicitly…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yin Lin , Tianjing Zeng , Zhongjun Ding , Rong Zhu , Bolin Ding , H. V. Jagadish , Jingren Zhou

Recently Large Language Models (LLMs) have been proven to have strong abilities in various domains and tasks. We study the problem of prompt designing in the text-to-SQL task and attempt to improve the LLMs' reasoning ability when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Hanchong Zhang , Ruisheng Cao , Lu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Kai Yu

Due to limited supervised training data, large language models (LLMs) are typically pre-trained via a self-supervised "predict the next word" objective on a vast amount of unstructured text data. To make the resulting model useful to users,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ajay Patel , Colin Raffel , Chris Callison-Burch

Despite the impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) in general domains, they often underperform in specialized domains. Existing approaches typically rely on data synthesis methods and yield promising results by using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Xiaopeng Ke , Hexuan Deng , Xuebo Liu , Jun Rao , Zhenxi Song , Jun Yu , Min Zhang

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) has seen significant advancements with large language models (LLMs). However, these models often depend on closed-source systems and high computational resources, posing challenges in data privacy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenqi Pei , Hailing Xu , Hengyuan Zhao , Shizheng Hou , Han Chen , Zining Zhang , Pingyi Luo , Bingsheng He