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The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced Text-to-SQL (NL2SQL) systems, yet evaluating the semantic equivalence of generated SQL remains a challenge, especially given ambiguous user queries and multiple valid SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Qingyun Zeng , Simin Ma , Arash Niknafs , Ashish Basran , Carol Szabo

In enterprise search, building high-quality datasets at scale remains a central challenge due to the difficulty of acquiring labeled data. To resolve this challenge, we propose an efficient approach to fine-tune small language models (SLMs)…

Translating natural language into SQL (Text-to-SQL) remains a core challenge at the intersection of language understanding and structured data access. Although large language models (LLMs) have improved fluency, generating correct and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Kushal Gajjar , Harshit Sikchi , Arpit Singh Gautam , Marc Hammons , Saurabh Jha

Large Language Model (LLM) techniques play an increasingly important role in Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) translation. LLMs trained by extensive corpora have strong natural language understanding and basic SQL generation abilities…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Tonghui Ren , Yuankai Fan , Zhenying He , Ren Huang , Jiaqi Dai , Can Huang , Yinan Jing , Kai Zhang , Yifan Yang , X. Sean Wang

NoSQL databases have been widely adopted in big data analytics, geospatial applications, and healthcare services, due to their flexibility and scalability. However, querying NoSQL databases requires specialized technical expertise, creating…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Xubang Xiong , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong , Yuanfeng Song

Deploying accurate Text-to-SQL systems at the enterprise level faces a difficult trilemma involving cost, security and performance. Current solutions force enterprises to choose between expensive, proprietary Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Khushboo Thaker , Yony Bresler

Using the best Text-to-SQL methods in resource-constrained environments is challenging due to their reliance on resource-intensive open-source models. This paper introduces Auto Prompt SQL(AP-SQL), a novel architecture designed to bridge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zetong Tang , Qian Ma , Di Wu

Despite advances in large language model (LLM)-based natural language interfaces for databases, scaling to enterprise-level data catalogs remains an under-explored challenge. Prior works addressing this challenge rely on domain-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Jeffrey Eben , Aitzaz Ahmad , Stephen Lau

NL2SQL (natural language to SQL) translates natural language questions into SQL queries, thereby making structured data accessible to non-technical users, serving as the foundation for intelligent data applications. State-of-the-art NL2SQL…

Text-to-SQL aims to translate natural language queries into SQL statements. Existing methods typically follow a pipeline of pre-processing, schema linking, candidate SQL generation, SQL alignment, and target SQL selection. However, these…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Qin Wang , Youhuan Li , Suixi Lin , Zhuo Tang , Kenli Li , Peng Peng , Quanqing Xu , Chuanhui Yang

Text-to-SQL has attracted attention from both the natural language processing and database communities because of its ability to convert the semantics in natural language into SQL queries and its practical application in building natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Naihao Deng , Yulong Chen , Yue Zhang

Dialect translation plays a key role in enabling seamless interaction across heterogeneous database systems. However, translating SQL queries between different dialects (e.g., from PostgreSQL to MySQL) remains a challenging task due to…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Wei Zhou , Yuyang Gao , Xuanhe Zhou , Guoliang Li

Extracting structured information from text, such as key-value pairs that could augment tabular data, is quite useful in many enterprise use cases. Although large language models (LLMs) have enabled numerous automated pipelines for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Satyananda Kashyap , Sola Shirai , Nandana Mihindukulasooriya , Horst Samulowitz

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) technology empowers non-expert users to query relational databases without requiring SQL expertise. While large language models (LLMs) have greatly improved NL2SQL algorithms, their rapid development…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shizheng Hou , Wenqi Pei , Nuo Chen , Quang-Trung Ta , Peng Lu , Beng Chin Ooi

To be informative, an evaluation must measure how well systems generalize to realistic unseen data. We identify limitations of and propose improvements to current evaluations of text-to-SQL systems. First, we compare human-generated and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Catherine Finegan-Dollak , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld , Li Zhang , Karthik Ramanathan , Sesh Sadasivam , Rui Zhang , Dragomir Radev

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has significantly impacted various domains, including natural language processing (NLP) and image generation, by making complex computational tasks more accessible. While LLMs demonstrate impressive…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ananya Rahaman , Anny Zheng , Mostafa Milani , Fei Chiang , Rachel Pottinger

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled in-context learning (ICL)-based methods that significantly outperform fine-tuning approaches for text-to-SQL tasks. However, their performance is still considerably lower than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Dongjun Lee , Choongwon Park , Jaehyuk Kim , Heesoo Park

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized Text-to-SQL generation, allowing users to query structured data using natural language with growing ease. Yet, real-world deployment remains challenging, especially in complex or unseen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Smit Jivani , Sarvam Maheshwari , Sunita Sarawagi

Many existing end-to-end systems for hybrid question answering tasks can often be boiled down to a "prompt-and-pray" paradigm, where the user has limited control and insight into the intermediate reasoning steps used to achieve the final…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Parker Glenn , Parag Pravin Dakle , Liang Wang , Preethi Raghavan

It is challenging to convert natural language (NL) questions into executable structured query language (SQL) queries for text-to-SQL tasks due to the vast number of database schemas with redundancy, which interferes with semantic learning,…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhuopan Yang , Yuanzhen Xie , Ruichao Zhong , Yunzhi Tan , Enjie Liu , Zhenguo Yang , Mochi Gao , Bo Hu , Zang Li