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To enable embodied agents to operate effectively over extended timeframes, it is crucial to develop models that form and access memories to stay contextualized in their environment. In the current paradigm of training transformer-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Gunshi Gupta , Karmesh Yadav , Zsolt Kira , Yarin Gal , Rahaf Aljundi

Neuroscientific theory suggests that dopaminergic neurons broadcast global reward prediction errors to large areas of the brain influencing the synaptic plasticity of the neurons in those regions. We build on this theory to propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Sneha Aenugu , Abhishek Sharma , Sasikiran Yelamarthi , Hananel Hazan , Philip S. Thomas , Robert Kozma

Multi-agent systems (MAS) and reinforcement learning (RL) are widely used to enhance the agentic capabilities of large language models (LLMs). MAS improves task performance through role-based orchestration, while RL uses environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yujie Zhao , Lanxiang Hu , Yang Wang , Minmin Hou , Hao Zhang , Ke Ding , Jishen Zhao

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have demonstrated promising results on complex tasks, yet often require impractical numbers of samples since they learn from scratch. Meta-RL aims to address this challenge by leveraging experience…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Russell Mendonca , Abhishek Gupta , Rosen Kralev , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

In environments with sparse or delayed rewards, reinforcement learning (RL) incurs high sample complexity due to the large number of interactions needed for learning. This limitation has motivated the use of large language models (LLMs) for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Narjes Nourzad , Carlee Joe-Wong

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents often suffer from high sample complexity in sparse or delayed reward settings due to limited prior structure. Large language models (LLMs) can provide subgoal decompositions, plausible trajectories, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Narjes Nourzad , Carlee Joe-Wong

Reinforcement learning (RL) is currently used in various real-life applications. RL-based solutions have the potential to generically address problems, including the ones that are difficult to solve with heuristics and meta-heuristics and,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Rafael F. Reale , Joberto S. B. Martins

Reinforcement learning (RL) -- algorithms that teach artificial agents to interact with environments by maximising reward signals -- has achieved significant success in recent years. These successes have been facilitated by advances in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Llewyn Salt , Marcus Gallagher

Continual learning is the problem of learning new tasks or knowledge while protecting old knowledge and ideally generalizing from old experience to learn new tasks faster. Neural networks trained by stochastic gradient descent often degrade…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 David Rolnick , Arun Ahuja , Jonathan Schwarz , Timothy P. Lillicrap , Greg Wayne

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been around for decades and employed to solve various sequential decision-making problems. These algorithms however have faced great challenges when dealing with high-dimensional environments. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Saeid Nahavandi

Reinforcement learning (RL) is crucial for data science decision-making but suffers from sample inefficiency, particularly in real-world scenarios with costly physical interactions. This paper introduces a novel human-inspired framework to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Ali Beikmohammadi , Sindri Magnússon

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) often degrades when crucial information is in the middle of a long context, a "lost-in-the-middle" phenomenon that mirrors the primacy and recency effects in human memory. We propose that this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Nikolaus Salvatore , Hao Wang , Qiong Zhang

The ability to plan into the future while utilizing only raw high-dimensional observations, such as images, can provide autonomous agents with broad capabilities. Visual model-based reinforcement learning (RL) methods that plan future…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Oleh Rybkin , Chuning Zhu , Anusha Nagabandi , Kostas Daniilidis , Igor Mordatch , Sergey Levine

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) frequently induces catastrophic forgetting of prior capabilities. Recent work has shown that reinforcement learning (RL) retains prior capabilities more effectively than supervised fine-tuning (SFT),…

The integration of Reinforcement Learning (RL) with heuristic methods is an emerging trend for solving optimization problems, which leverages RL's ability to learn from the data generated during the search process. One promising approach is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Arthur Müller , Lukas Vollenkemper

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a general framework for adaptive control, which has proven to be efficient in many domains, e.g., board games, video games or autonomous vehicles. In such problems, an agent faces a sequential decision-making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Olivier Buffet , Olivier Pietquin , Paul Weng

While reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied to numerous tasks, their reliance on neural networks makes their behavior difficult to understand and trust. Counterfactual explanations are human-friendly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Jasmina Gajcin , Ivana Dusparic

We introduce a method to address goal misgeneralization in reinforcement learning (RL), leveraging Large Language Model (LLM) feedback during training. Goal misgeneralization, a type of robustness failure in RL occurs when an agent retains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Houda Nait El Barj , Theophile Sautory

In recent years, Multi-task Learning (MTL) has yielded immense success in Recommender System (RS) applications. However, current MTL-based recommendation models tend to disregard the session-wise patterns of user-item interactions because…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Ziru Liu , Jiejie Tian , Qingpeng Cai , Xiangyu Zhao , Jingtong Gao , Shuchang Liu , Dayou Chen , Tonghao He , Dong Zheng , Peng Jiang , Kun Gai

Meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) is a promising approach that enables the agent to learn new tasks quickly. However, most meta-RL algorithms show poor generalization in multi-task scenarios due to the insufficient task information…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Xiangtong Yao , Zhenshan Bing , Genghang Zhuang , Kejia Chen , Hongkuan Zhou , Kai Huang , Alois Knoll