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Reliable autonomous driving relies on large-scale, well-labeled data and robust models. However, manual data collection is resource-intensive, and traditional simulation suffers from a persistent reality gap. While recent generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaicong Huang , Talha Azfar , Weisong Shi , Ruimin Ke

In recent years, control under urban intersection scenarios becomes an emerging research topic. In such scenarios, the autonomous vehicle confronts complicated situations since it must deal with the interaction with social vehicles timely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Yuqi Liu , Qichao Zhang , Dongbin Zhao

With the rapid development of automated vehicles (AVs) in recent years, commercially available AVs are increasingly demonstrating high-level automation capabilities. However, most existing AV safety evaluation methods are primarily designed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Hang Zhou , Chengyuan Ma , Shiyu Shen , Zhaohui Liang , Xiaopeng Li

Evaluating the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) requires diverse, safety-critical scenarios, with collisions being especially important yet rare and unsafe to collect in the real world. Therefore, the community has been focusing on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Pin-Lun Chen , Chi-Hsi Kung , Che-Han Chang , Wei-Chen Chiu , Yi-Ting Chen

Safety validation is a crucial component in the development and deployment of autonomous systems, such as self-driving vehicles and robotic systems. Ensuring safe operation necessitates extensive testing and verification of control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-11 Ali Baheri , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Autonomous vehicles rely heavily upon their perception subsystems to see the environment in which they operate. Unfortunately, the effect of variable weather conditions presents a significant challenge to object detection algorithms, and…

Simulation-based testing has emerged as an essential tool for verifying and validating autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, contemporary methodologies, such as deterministic and imitation learning-based driver models, struggle to capture the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Cheng Wang , Lingxin Kong , Massimiliano Tamborski , Stefano V. Albrecht

Autonomous driving systems (ADSs) are capable of sensing the environment and making driving decisions autonomously. These systems are safety-critical, and testing them is one of the important approaches to ensure their safety. However, due…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Chengjie Lu , Tao Yue , Man Zhang , Shaukat Ali

Ensuring safety in autonomous driving requires precise, real-time risk assessment and adaptive behavior. Prior work on risk estimation either outputs coarse, global scene-level metrics lacking interpretability, proposes indicators without…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Boyang Tian , Weisong Shi

Testing is essential for verifying and validating control designs, especially in safety-critical applications. In particular, the control system governing an automated driving vehicle must be proven reliable enough for its acceptance on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-11 Mengjia Zhu , Alberto Bemporad , Maximilian Kneissl , Hasan Esen

Critical scenario generation requires the ability of sampling critical combinations from the infinite parameter space in the logic scenario. Existing solutions aim to explore the correlation of action parameters in the initial scenario…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Shuting Kang , Heng Guo , Lijun Zhang , Guangzhen Liu , Yunzhi Xue , Yanjun Wu

Decision-making in long-tail scenarios is pivotal to autonomous-driving development, and realistic and challenging simulations play a crucial role in testing safety-critical situations. However, existing open-source datasets lack systematic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chuancheng Zhang , Zhenhao Wang , Jiangcheng Wang , Kun Su , Qiang Lv , Bin Jiang , Kunkun Hao , Wenyu Wang

Training and evaluating autonomous driving algorithms requires a diverse range of scenarios. However, most available datasets predominantly consist of normal driving behaviors demonstrated by human drivers, resulting in a limited number of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Miao Li , Wenhao Ding , Haohong Lin , Yiqi Lyu , Yihang Yao , Yuyou Zhang , Ding Zhao

Designing diverse and safety-critical driving scenarios is essential for evaluating autonomous driving systems. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) for few-shot code generation to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yongjie Fu , Ruijian Zha , Pei Tian , Xuan Di

Safety remains one of the most critical challenges in autonomous driving systems. In recent years, the end-to-end driving has shown great promise in advancing vehicle autonomy in a scalable manner. However, existing approaches often face…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Zhiwei Zhang , Ruichen Yang , Ke Wu , Zijun Xu , Jingchu Liu , Lisen Mu , Zhongxue Gan , Wenchao Ding

Benchmarking autonomous driving planners to align with human judgment remains a critical challenge, as state-of-the-art metrics like the Extended Predictive Driver Model Score (EPDMS) lack context awareness in nuanced scenarios. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Jingyu Song , Zhenxin Li , Shiyi Lan , Xinglong Sun , Nadine Chang , Maying Shen , Joshua Chen , Katherine A. Skinner , Jose M. Alvarez

In autonomous driving (AD), accurate perception is indispensable to achieving safe and secure driving. Due to its safety-criticality, the security of AD perception has been widely studied. Among different attacks on AD perception, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Ningfei Wang , Yunpeng Luo , Takami Sato , Kaidi Xu , Qi Alfred Chen

Intelligent driving systems aim to achieve a zero-collision mobility experience, requiring interdisciplinary efforts to enhance safety performance. This work focuses on risk identification, the process of identifying and analyzing risks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Chi-Hsi Kung , Chieh-Chi Yang , Pang-Yuan Pao , Shu-Wei Lu , Pin-Lun Chen , Hsin-Cheng Lu , Yi-Ting Chen

Testing and evaluation is an important step before the large-scale application of the autonomous driving systems (ADSs). Based on the three level of scenario abstraction theory, a testing can be performed within a logical scenario, followed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Xinzheng Wu , Junyi Chen , Jianfeng Wu , Longgao Zhang , Tian Xia , Yong Shen

The selection of relevant test scenarios for the scenario-based testing and safety validation of automated driving systems (ADSs) remains challenging. An important aspect of the relevance of a scenario is the challenge it poses for an ADS.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Lennart Vater , Sven Tarlowski , Michael Schuldes , Lutz Eckstein