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A growing number of vehicles are being transformed into semi-autonomous vehicles (Level 2 autonomy) by relying on advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to improve the driving experience. However, the increasing complexity and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Xugui Zhou , Anna Schmedding , Haotian Ren , Lishan Yang , Philip Schowitz , Evgenia Smirni , Homa Alemzadeh

Simulation is pivotal in evaluating the performance of autonomous driving systems due to the advantages of high efficiency and low cost compared to on-road testing. Bridging the gap between simulation and the real world requires realistic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Haojie Xin , Xiaodong Zhang , Renzhi Tang , Songyang Yan , Qianrui Zhao , Chunze Yang , Wen Cui , Zijiang Yang

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) promise a range of societal advantages, including broader access to mobility, reduced road accidents, and enhanced transportation efficiency. However, evaluating the risks linked to AVs is complex due to limited…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Alessandro Zanardi , Andrea Censi , Margherita Atzei , Luigi Di Lillo , Emilio Frazzoli

Game-based interactive driving simulations have emerged as versatile platforms for advancing decision-making algorithms in road transport mobility. While these environments offer safe, scalable, and engaging settings for testing driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhihao Lin , Zhen Tian

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is paramount in their development and deployment. Safety-critical scenarios pose more severe challenges, necessitating efficient testing methods to validate AVs safety. This study focuses on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Rui Zhou

The safety of autonomous driving systems, particularly self-driving vehicles, remains of paramount concern. These systems exhibit affine nonlinear dynamics and face the challenge of executing predefined control tasks while adhering to state…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-21 Fan Yang , Haoqi Li , Maolong Lv , Jiangping Hu , Qingrui Zhou , Bijoy K. Ghosh

Autonomous Vehicles (AV)'s wide-scale deployment appears imminent despite many safety challenges yet to be resolved. The modern autonomous vehicles will undoubtedly include machine learning and probabilistic techniques that add significant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Dhanoop Karunakaran , Julie Stephany Berrio , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

Semantic scene understanding is crucial for robotics and computer vision applications. In autonomous driving, 3D semantic segmentation plays an important role for enabling safe navigation. Despite significant advances in the field, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Lucas Nunes , Rodrigo Marcuzzi , Jens Behley , Cyrill Stachniss

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on complex perception and communication systems, making them vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can compromise safety. While simulation offers a scalable and safe environment for robustness testing,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Christos Anagnostopoulos , Ioulia Kapsali , Alexandros Gkillas , Nikos Piperigkos , Aris S. Lalos

The autonomous car technology promises to replace human drivers with safer driving systems. But although autonomous cars can become safer than human drivers this is a long process that is going to be refined over time. Before these vehicles…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-09 Thomio Watanabe , Denis Wolf

With the rapid advancement of deep learning and related technologies, Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs) have made significant progress and are gradually being widely applied in safety-critical fields. However, numerous accident reports show…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Pin Ji , Yang Feng , Zongtai Li , Xiangchi Zhou , Jia Liu , Jun Sun , Zhihong Zhao

Navigating complex urban environments safely is a key to realize fully autonomous systems. Predicting future locations of vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians and cyclists, thus, has received a lot of attention in the recent years.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Tessa van der Heiden , Naveen Shankar Nagaraja , Christian Weiss , Efstratios Gavves

In Autonomous Driving (AD), real-time perception is a critical component responsible for detecting surrounding objects to ensure safe driving. While researchers have extensively explored the integrity of AD perception due to its safety and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Chen Ma , Ningfei Wang , Qi Alfred Chen , Chao Shen

We propose FreeSim, a camera simulation method for autonomous driving. FreeSim emphasizes high-quality rendering from viewpoints beyond the recorded ego trajectories. In such viewpoints, previous methods have unacceptable degradation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Lue Fan , Hao Zhang , Qitai Wang , Hongsheng Li , Zhaoxiang Zhang

We present a versatile NeRF-based simulator for testing autonomous driving (AD) software systems, designed with a focus on sensor-realistic closed-loop evaluation and the creation of safety-critical scenarios. The simulator learns from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 William Ljungbergh , Adam Tonderski , Joakim Johnander , Holger Caesar , Kalle Åström , Michael Felsberg , Christoffer Petersson

End-to-end planning methods are the de facto standard of the current autonomous driving system, while the robustness of the data-driven approaches suffers due to the notorious long-tail problem (i.e., rare but safety-critical failure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Enhui Ma , Lijun Zhou , Tao Tang , Jiahuan Zhang , Junpeng Jiang , Zhan Zhang , Dong Han , Kun Zhan , Xueyang Zhang , XianPeng Lang , Haiyang Sun , Xia Zhou , Di Lin , Kaicheng Yu

Autonomous driving has gained significant advancements in recent years. However, obtaining a robust control policy for driving remains challenging as it requires training data from a variety of scenarios, including rare situations (e.g.,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Weizi Li , David Wolinski , Ming C. Lin

Recent advancements in Vehicle-to-Everything communication technology have enabled autonomous vehicles to share sensory information to obtain better perception performance. With the rapid growth of autonomous vehicles and intelligent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Hao Xiang , Runsheng Xu , Xin Xia , Zhaoliang Zheng , Bolei Zhou , Jiaqi Ma

The use of representative pre-crash scenarios is critical for assessing the safety impact of driving automation systems through simulation. However, a gap remains in the robust evaluation of the similarity between synthetic and real-world…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jian Wu , Ulrich Sander , Carol Flannagan , Minxiang Zhao , Jonas Bärgman

Detecting a diverse range of objects under various driving scenarios is essential for the effectiveness of autonomous driving systems. However, the real-world data collected often lacks the necessary diversity presenting a long-tail…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Aqeel Anwar , Tae Eun Choe , Zian Wang , Sanja Fidler , Minwoo Park