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Electrocardiography (ECG) analysis is crucial for cardiac diagnosis, yet existing foundation models often fail to capture the periodicity and diverse features required for varied clinical tasks. We propose ECG-MoE, a hybrid architecture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yuhao Xu , Xiaoda Wang , Yi Wu , Wei Jin , Xiao Hu , Carl Yang

In diagnosing neurological disorders from electroencephalography (EEG) data, foundation models such as Transformers have been employed to capture temporal dynamics. Additionally, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are critical for representing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Toyotaro Suzumura , Hiroki Kanezashi , Shotaro Akahori

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an essential technique for neuroscience research and brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. Recently, large-scale EEG foundation models have been developed, exhibiting robust generalization capabilities…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-15 Zhige Chen , Chengxuan Qin , Wenlong You , Rui Liu , Congying Chu , Rui Yang , Kay Chen Tan , Jibin Wu

In conventional machine learning (ML) approaches applied to electroencephalography (EEG), this is often a limited focus, isolating specific brain activities occurring across disparate temporal scales (from transient spikes in milliseconds…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-06 Jonathan W. Kim , Ahmed Alaa , Danilo Bernardo

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a neuroimaging technique that records brain neural activity with high temporal resolution. Unlike other methods, EEG does not require prohibitively expensive equipment and can be easily set up using…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Arash Akbarinia

Understanding the correlation between EEG features and cognitive tasks is crucial for elucidating brain function. Brain activity synchronizes during speaking and listening tasks. However, it is challenging to estimate task-dependent brain…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-01 Dai Shimizu , Ko Watanabe , Andreas Dengel

Electrophysiological observation plays a major role in epilepsy evaluation. However, human interpretation of brain signals is subjective and prone to misdiagnosis. Automating this process, especially seizure detection relying on scalp-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-06 David Ahmedt-Aristizabal , Clinton Fookes , Kien Nguyen , Sridha Sridharan

Alternative data representations are powerful tools that augment the performance of downstream models. However, there is an abundance of such representations within the machine learning toolbox, and the field lacks a comparative…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-12 Aaron Maiwald , Leon Ackermann , Maximilian Kalcher , Daniel J. Wu

This article discusses the opportunities, applications and future directions of large-scale pre-trained models, i.e., foundation models, for analyzing medical images. Medical foundation models have immense potential in solving a wide range…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-23 Shaoting Zhang , Dimitris Metaxas

Transformer-based foundation models have emerged as a dominant paradigm in time series analysis, offering unprecedented capabilities in tasks such as forecasting, anomaly detection, classification, trend analysis and many more time series…

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a common tool used to understand brain activities. The data are typically obtained by placing electrodes at the surface of the scalp and recording the oscillations of currents passing through the electrodes.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-19 Eddy Kwessi , Lloyd Edwards

Electroencephalography (EEG) provides a non-invasive, highly accessible, and cost-effective approach for detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, existing methods, whether based on handcrafted feature engineering or standard deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yihe Wang , Nan Huang , Nadia Mammone , Marco Cecchi , Xiang Zhang

Accurate automated analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) would largely help clinicians effectively monitor and diagnose patients with various brain diseases. Compared to supervised learning with labelled disease EEG data which can train…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Yaojia Zheng , Zhouwu Liu , Rong Mo , Ziyi Chen , Wei-shi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a complex signal and can require several years of training to be correctly interpreted. Recently, deep learning (DL) has shown great promise in helping make sense of EEG signals due to its capacity to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Yannick Roy , Hubert Banville , Isabela Albuquerque , Alexandre Gramfort , Tiago H. Falk , Jocelyn Faubert

Electrocardiogram is a useful diagnostic signal that can detect cardiac abnormalities by measuring the electrical activity generated by the heart. Due to its rapid, non-invasive, and richly informative characteristics, ECG has many emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hanhui Deng , Xinglin Li , Jie Luo , Di Wu

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are pivotal in providing insights into spontaneous brain activity, highlighting their significant importance in neuroscience research. However, the exploration of versatile EEG models is constrained by…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-01 Tongtian Yue , Xuange Gao , Shuning Xue , Yepeng Tang , Longteng Guo , Jie Jiang , Jing Liu

Transformer-based foundation models for Electrocardiograms (ECGs) have recently achieved impressive performance in many downstream applications.

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Phu X. Nguyen , Huy Phan , Hieu Pham , Christos Chatzichristos , Bert Vandenberk , Maarten De Vos

The last decade has witnessed a notable surge in deep learning applications for the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data, thanks to its demonstrated superiority over conventional statistical techniques. However, even deep learning…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Federico Del Pup , Andrea Zanola , Louis Fabrice Tshimanga , Alessandra Bertoldo , Manfredo Atzori

Conventional task-specific electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis models require large annotated datasets to train. Foundation models mitigate this burden by leveraging self-supervised pretraining; however, the scarcity of open-weight ECG…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Kaden McKeen , Sameer Masood , Augustin Toma , Barry Rubin , Bo Wang

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a vital tool to measure and record brain activity in neuroscience and clinical applications, yet its potential is constrained by signal heterogeneity, low signal-to-noise ratios, and limited labeled datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Enze Shi , Kui Zhao , Qilong Yuan , Jiaqi Wang , Huawen Hu , Sigang Yu , Shu Zhang